inflammation Flashcards
every SINGLE disease involves?
inflammation
inflammation is.. ______ response of
localized response of vascular tissue (vascular tissue is blood vessels and blood)
what are the 2 major objectives of inflammation (particularly acute)?
- defense
2. healing
when inflammation occurs, _____ is ALWAYS…
TISSUE is always! damaged
can a cell be inflamed?
NO. only the vascular tissue becomes inflamed not the cell itself
what are the bodys aims from inflammation? (3)
- ensure that the injurious agent is localized, does not leave the area
- remove agent, damaged cells and debris
- assist with healing
- it is deliberately done by the body!
what is acute inflammation?
duration, WBCs
response occurs quickly (within minutes)- so initial rapid response
- occurs for a short period of time (hours to days)
- mainly granulocytes- neutrophils)
- precedes immune response
what is chronic inflammation? (duration, WBCs)
- longer (weeks to years)
- lymphocytes and macrophages
three important processes occurring in chronic inflammation?
- angiogenesis- formation of new blood vessels
- fibrosis- formation of excessive fibrous connective tissue
- necrosis
acute inflammation involves two types of responses?
- vascular response
2. cellular response
what are the cells that make up the wall of a vessel called
endothelium
what is the initial (first) part of the vascular response? & why
-immediate vasoconstriction
why?
if there is an injury with bleeding, you want vessels to vasoconstrict at the site for a brief amount of time to reduce blood flow and minimize the loss of blood (hemostasis)
-clotting occurs in minutes
after the initial response of vascular response, what happens next? what is activated? and why?
next, now you want the defense sites, oxygen, and nutrients to get to the site
- so plasma and inflammatory cell mediators are activated (example, histamine and prostaglandin)
- vasodilation occurs (more blood brought to area (hyperemia)
- mediators increase the permeability
what two things occur due to the hyperemia in the vascular response?
erythema (redness) and warmth
in a vascular response the mediators increase the permeability, which causes what?
exudate to form
what is exudate? (3)
fluid- plasma, proteins, cells
when the mediators increase permeability, more fluid is…
moving out, spaces between the cells are increasing and some cells move out
the fluid moving out and spaces increasing in cells causes..
fluid cells and protein shift—> swelling, swelling causes pain
pain causes? (helpful)
immobilization, which helps with the healing process
so what are the 3 main components of the vascular response?
- vasoconstriction
- vasodilation
- increased permeability
vasodilation & permeability are affected by which mediator?
histamine
vasodilation, permeability, pain, are affected by which mediator?
prostaglandins
what happens at the capillaries after injury?(6 steps)
- rouleau formation of erythrocytes
- protein and intravascular fluid move into the interstitial space
- diapedesis of leukocytes
- thrombocytes control bleeding sites
- pavementing (margination) of leukocytes
- transmargenation (diapedesis or immigration_ leukocytes move out together with the fluid
what is the cellular response?
mediators—> chemotaxis of neutrophils and other WBCs
- adhesion molecules help neutrophils to attach to endothelium, once complete, permeability has increased and the cells move out with fluid and proteins
- cells enter interstitial space (diapedesis)–> phagocytosis of microbes/debris
