inflammation

Question 1

every SINGLE disease involves?

Answer 1

inflammation

Question 2

inflammation is.. ______ response of

Answer 2

localized response of vascular tissue (vascular tissue is blood vessels and blood)

Question 3

what are the 2 major objectives of inflammation (particularly acute)?

Answer 3

1. defense

2. healing

Question 4

when inflammation occurs, _____ is ALWAYS…

Answer 4

TISSUE is always! damaged

Question 5

can a cell be inflamed?

Answer 5

NO. only the vascular tissue becomes inflamed not the cell itself

Question 6

what are the bodys aims from inflammation? (3)

Answer 6

1. ensure that the injurious agent is localized, does not leave the area
2. remove agent, damaged cells and debris
3. assist with healing
   - it is deliberately done by the body!

Question 7

what is acute inflammation?

duration, WBCs

Answer 7

response occurs quickly (within minutes)- so initial rapid response

• occurs for a short period of time (hours to days)
• mainly granulocytes- neutrophils)
• precedes immune response

Question 8

what is chronic inflammation? (duration, WBCs)

Answer 8

• longer (weeks to years)

- lymphocytes and macrophages

Question 9

three important processes occurring in chronic inflammation?

Answer 9

1. angiogenesis- formation of new blood vessels
2. fibrosis- formation of excessive fibrous connective tissue
3. necrosis

Question 10

acute inflammation involves two types of responses?

Answer 10

1. vascular response

2. cellular response

Question 11

what are the cells that make up the wall of a vessel called

Answer 11

endothelium

Question 12

what is the initial (first) part of the vascular response? & why

Answer 12

-immediate vasoconstriction
why?
if there is an injury with bleeding, you want vessels to vasoconstrict at the site for a brief amount of time to reduce blood flow and minimize the loss of blood (hemostasis)
-clotting occurs in minutes

Question 13

after the initial response of vascular response, what happens next? what is activated? and why?

Answer 13

next, now you want the defense sites, oxygen, and nutrients to get to the site

• so plasma and inflammatory cell mediators are activated (example, histamine and prostaglandin)
• vasodilation occurs (more blood brought to area (hyperemia)
• mediators increase the permeability

Question 14

what two things occur due to the hyperemia in the vascular response?

Answer 14

erythema (redness) and warmth

Question 15

in a vascular response the mediators increase the permeability, which causes what?

Answer 15

exudate to form

Question 16

what is exudate? (3)

Answer 16

fluid- plasma, proteins, cells

Question 17

when the mediators increase permeability, more fluid is…

Answer 17

moving out, spaces between the cells are increasing and some cells move out

Question 18

the fluid moving out and spaces increasing in cells causes..

Answer 18

fluid cells and protein shift—> swelling, swelling causes pain

Question 19

pain causes? (helpful)

Answer 19

immobilization, which helps with the healing process

Question 20

so what are the 3 main components of the vascular response?

Answer 20

1. vasoconstriction
2. vasodilation
3. increased permeability

Question 21

vasodilation & permeability are affected by which mediator?

Answer 21

histamine

Question 22

vasodilation, permeability, pain, are affected by which mediator?

Answer 22

prostaglandins

Question 23

what happens at the capillaries after injury?(6 steps)

Answer 23

1. rouleau formation of erythrocytes
2. protein and intravascular fluid move into the interstitial space
3. diapedesis of leukocytes
4. thrombocytes control bleeding sites
5. pavementing (margination) of leukocytes
6. transmargenation (diapedesis or immigration_ leukocytes move out together with the fluid

Question 24

what is the cellular response?

Answer 24

mediators—> chemotaxis of neutrophils and other WBCs

• adhesion molecules help neutrophils to attach to endothelium, once complete, permeability has increased and the cells move out with fluid and proteins
• cells enter interstitial space (diapedesis)–> phagocytosis of microbes/debris