Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

patho final > fluid-electrolyte and acid-base imbalances > Flashcards

fluid-electrolyte and acid-base imbalances Flashcards

1
Q

FLUID=

A

water and electrolytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

anions=

A

anions=

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cations=

A 
\+ 
calcium 
magnesium 
potassium 
sodium
hydrogen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is CHP

A

capillary hydrostatic pressure
the PUSH pressure
-pressure fluid EXERTS on vessel walls OUT of capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is OP

A

osmotic pressure
-change in plasma protein concentration (amt of plasma protein or changes in H20 volume)
PULL pressure
-pressure coming from solutes drawing fluid IN to capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

NFP=

A

net filtration pressure (CHP-BCOP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

there is a net…

A

LOSS of fluid from capillaries into interstitial space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

movement of fluid is _____

A

OUT OF capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what returns the fluid from the interstitial tissues to blood?

A

LYMPHATIC system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is edema?

A

extra fluid (excessive/abnormal) accumulation in interstitial space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

where can edema be LIFE threatening?

A

BRAIN!, lungs! heart!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

causes of edema? (4)

A
  1. increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
  2. decreased colloid osmotic osmotic pressure
  3. increased capillary permeability
  4. obstructed lymph flow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how does increased capillary hydrostatic pressure cause edema?

A
  • INCREASED vascular volume (HF, kidney disease, premenstrual sodium retention, pregnancy, envrionmental stress, thiazolidinedione therapy)
  • venous obstruction
  • decreased arteriolar resistance (calcium blocking drug response)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how does decreased colloid osmotic pressure occur?

A
  • increased loss of plasma proteins

- decreased production of plasma proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

increased capillary permeability as a cause of edema?

A

-inflammation, allergic reaction, malignancy, issue injurys and burns cause INCREASED permeability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

obstructed lymph flow occurs from?

A

malignant obstruction, surgical removal of lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is dehydration?

A

decreased interstitial and intravascular fluids

-KIDNEY not fx properly or losing fluid (draws from IS and cells)= DEHYDRATED cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is third spacing?

A

two NORMAL spaces for fluid= intravascular space and interstitial space
—-> continually exchange fluid
3rd space= ABNORMAL, transcellular space
example. ascites in abdomen, bleeding into a cavity or joint, pleural space
difficult to happen and just as difficult to get OUT

19
Q

measure of pH is a measure of

A

hydrogen ions

20
Q

normal pH of extracellular fluid

21
Q

pH is constantly changing because of?

A

reactions in body, generating H+

MANY compensatory mechanisms

22
Q

ABGs?

A

arterial blood gases= test blood from an artery for:

  • certain gases amt (CO2 and O2) dissolved in blod.
  • measures PH
23
Q

what is alkalosis?

A

increased BASE pH greater than 7.45

-LOW hydrogen

24
Q

what is acidosis?

A

increased ACID pH less than 7.35

-HIGH hydrogen

25
4 types of metabolic imbalances?
1. metabolic alkalosis 2. respiratory alkalosis 3. respiratory acidosis 4. metabolic acidosis
26
pH is dependent on?
BALANCE between bicarbonate and carbonic acid
27
what is the homeostatic balance of bicarbonate ion and carbonic acid?
20:1 ratio 20 bases 1 acid
28
NORMAL pH is maintained by what 3 systems?
BUFFERing system LUNGS KIDNEYS
29
how does the buffer system work?
- carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer is used in the blood - chemicals in ICF and ECF providing IMMEDIATE response - weak base + conjugate acid pair, or weak acid + conjugate base pair (to prevent large changes in pH, system TRADES strong acid for weak acid or strong base for weak base) - pick up extra H+ if levels are HIGH - release H+ if levels are LOW - buffers cannot get RID of H+, so if buffering capacity exceeded, OTHER mechanisms needed!
30
how do the lungs work to maintain pH?
- CO2 exhaled by lungs - if lungs FAIL= BUILD up of C02, acidosis - CHEMORECEPTORS in brainstem and peripheral chemoreceptors sense change in pCO2 and ALTER ventilation rate to MAINTAIN acid-base balance - RAPID response (minutes) - only 50-75% as effective as buffer system - PREVENTS large pH changes while waiting for slower acting kidneys to respond
31
how do the kidneys work to maintain pH?
- SLOWEST response (hours to days) - EXCRETE more or less H+---> H+ from fixed acids resulting from protein and lipid metabolism - REABSORB more or less HCO3, filtered in glomerulus so that it is not lost in urine - generates new HCO3 and releases in blood
32
equation
CO2 + H20 H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-
33
the direction of the reaction is determined by?
concentration of reactants and products | moves TOWARD side with LOWER concentration (LE CHATELIERS principle)
34
carbonic acid is volatile... which means
as soon as it forms it dissociates (so HARD to measure conc in blood) only volatile acid in body
35
how is ABG measured?
small volume of blood drawn from artery (most commonly radial artery on wrist) - interpreted to determine acid-base imbalances - can also measure lactate, hemoglobin, electrolytes and others
36
metabolic imbalances occur when
any fixed acids involved lactic acid, HCl
37
respiratory imbalances occur when
carbonic acid is involved
38
metabolic acidosis=
``` too much acid or too little base causes= severe diarrhea (lose HCO3), diabetes (ketones broken into acid, strenous exercise (lactic acid) or renal failure response: buffers PICK up extra H resp increases (H20 and CO2 exhaled) kidneys (secrete more H, reabsorption) ```
39
metabolic alkalosis=
too much base or too little acid causes= vomiting (lose H from stomach), excess intake of antacids (increase HCO3) response: buffers drop off H ventilation decreases (less Co2 lost) kidneys secrete less H, reabsorb less HCO3
40
what is respiratory acidosis=
lungs FAILING, not adequately ventilating! CO2 not exhaled and builds up causes: lung disease, depression of resp centers due to drug, nerve/muscle disorders decrease resp, holding breath results in increased PCO2, excess CO2 combined with water to form carbonic acid response: buffers pick up excess H+ kidneys excrete H, reabsorb HCO3
41
what is respiratory alkalosis=
hyperventilation, CO2 exhaled EXCESSIVELY, reactant conc drops so more H2CO3 converted into CO2 causes: fever, anxiety, aspirin positioning, high altitude response: buffers drop off H kidneys excrete less H, reabsorb more HCO3
42
compensation is what?
LUNGS and KIDNEYS will compensate for each others FAILURE! to maintain pH - LUNGS failing not exhaling CO2, rxn moves right and kidneys excrete excess H+ - KIDNEYS failing and retaining H not excreting, rxn moves left so carbonic acid formed and dissociated into CO2 to be exhaled by lungs
43
treatment for acid-base imbalances?
``` administer solutions (oral or IV) to normalize pH -must address underlying problem though! ```

patho final (40 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions