Neoplasia Flashcards
parenchyma
tumor part that is actively growing part of neoplasm made of neoplastic cells containing damaged genome
stroma
tumor part that is supporting framework made up of CT and vascular tissue
positional anaplasia
cells are morphologically normal
abnorm orientation, relationships, polarity
cellular anaplasia
cells show structural abnorm
variation in cell and nuclear size, nuclear staining, N/C ratio
feature of malignancy
hematogenous spread (metastasis)
bl vessel invaded –> metastatic disease carried off by blood flow
molecular hallmarks of cancer
GIT LESS Genetic/genomic instability Insensitivity to anti-growth signals Tissue invasion and/or metastasis Limitless replicative potential Evasion from apoptosis Self-sufficiency in growth signals Sustained angiogenesis
proto-oncogenes
cellular genes that promote normal growth and differentiation
cellular oncogenes
structural changes in protooncogenes leading to increased function
MYC
protooncogene expressed in almost all cells
responds quickly to growth promoting signals
DNA binding protein
transcribes genes involved in cellular prolif
**overexpressed in Burkitt lymphoma, neuroblastoma
how does DNA methylation affect transcription
represses
histone modification
acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation
inc transcription
miRNAs
small noncoding RNAs, direct sequence specific recognition of mRNAs (bind to mRNA)
induces mRNA destruction –> inc cell profile if target is tumor suppressor
if reduced/nonfunctional –> mRNA stability inc –> inc cell prolif if target is oncogene
anti apoptotic proteins
Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, Bcl-W, MCL-1
pro apoptotic proteins
Bad, Bim, Bax, Bid, Bak Noxa, Puma
warburg effect
malig neoplasms shift glucose metabolism and ATP generation away from the mito to the glycolytic anaerobic path
allows for PET imaging of tumor
