Neoplasia

Question 1

Differentiation

Answer 1

Normal cell changes to different tissue

Question 2

Dysplasia

Answer 2

Chronic irritation
Disorganization of cells
Vary from its normal size and shape

Question 3

Metaplasia

Answer 3

Reversible adults all changes from one type to another

Columnar to squamous in respiratory tract

Question 4

Hyperplasia

Answer 4

Increase the number of cells increase and tissue mass- during pregnancy

Question 5

Neoplasia

Answer 5

Uncontrolled growth of cells

Proliferation that cannot be adequately controlled under normal regulatory mechanism’s operating a normal tissues by normal cells

Swelling - tumor
Spelling that is not a tumor is gout

Not all neoplasia are tumors- leukemia, multiple myeloma

Question 6

Risk factors for cancer

Answer 6

Aging
Previous cancer
Smoking
Alcohol use
Viruses like Hpv or hepatitis B
Hormone exposure
Gender
Ethnicity
Occupation
Stress
Socio economic status

Question 7

Benign tumor features

Answer 7

Slow expansion
Limited growth potential
Compresses surrounding tissues

Question 8

Malignant tumor features

Answer 8

Fast expansion
Uncontrollable growth
Invade, soft tissues

Question 9

Does the benign or malignant tumor mestases?

Answer 9

Malignant

Question 10

What is the external surface of the benign and malignant tumor?

Answer 10

Benign is smooth
Malignant is irregular

Question 11

Which tumor has a capsule

Answer 11

Benign tumor has a capsule, does not invade and limit soft tissue

Malignant tumor does not have a capsule , invades surrounding soft tissue, and infiltrates

Question 12

Which tumor has necrosis and hemorrhage

Answer 12

The malignant tumor has necrosis and hemorrhage

Question 13

Nuclei in benign and malignant tumors

Answer 13

Benign- uniform normal size
Malignant - large nuclei pleomorphic

Question 14

Cells in tumors

Answer 14

Benign- well differentiated
Malignant - anaplastic new features

Question 15

Cytoplasm in tumors

Answer 15

Benign- well developed
Malignant - little cytoplasm

Question 16

Epithelial cell type

Answer 16

Papilloma
Adenoma
Malignant melanoma
Adenocarcinoma

Question 17

Mesenchymal connective tissue and muscle

Answer 17

Fibroma fibrosarcoma osteoma osteosarcoma lipoma, liposarcoma

Question 18

Classifying cancer

Answer 18

Cell type
Staging
Tumor, node, metastasis

Question 19

Nerve tissue

Answer 19

Neuroma, Neuroglioma, neuroblasto, meningeal, sarcoma

Question 20

Lymphoid tissue

Answer 20

Lymphoma

Question 21

Hematopoietic tissue

Answer 21

Leukemia
Myelodysplasia
Myeloproliferative syndromes

Question 22

Staging in cancer

Answer 22

Stage 0- Ca in situ
Stage 1- localized to primary organ
Stage 2- increased risk of spread due to tumor size
Stage 3- spread regionally
Stage 4- disseminated to distant sites

Question 23

TNM

Answer 23

Tumor, node, metastasis

T- size of a tumor 0-4
N- lymph node involvement 0-4
M- metastasis 1- present 0- none

P- pathological staging lab work stage
C- clinical stage

Question 24

Gender bias

Answer 24

Males- prostate lung bronchus colon
Females - breast lung bronchus colon

Males with African ethnicity, heaviest cancer burden

Question 25

Endogenous

Answer 25

Genetic origin Breast prostate ovarian colon cancer

Question 26

Exogenous

Answer 26

Environmental or external Tobacco alcohol Viruses- cervical cancer, burkits lymphoma Chemical - tar , soot, dye, hydrocarbons arsenic Drugs - cytotoxic drugs, steroids Hormones - estrogen

Question 27

Hereditary risk factor for cancer

Answer 27

5% of 10% link to inherited genes

Question 28

Aging risk factor for cancer

Answer 28

50 years, 65 years and older more resistant to chemotherapy

Question 29

Lifestyle, risk factor for cancer

Answer 29

Tobacco 90% of cancers Obesity and type two diabetes Sexual - cervical cancer Hormones - prolonged exposure to estrogen

Question 30

Ethnicity is factor for cancer

Answer 30

Socio economic can delay diagnosis Stomach and liver cancer in Asian Americans Increased risk of cancer with years living in US

Question 31

Oncogenesis

Answer 31

Oncogenes 100 identified Segments of DNA Transfer normal cells to malignant cells Activated by carcinogens Oncogene force cells to grow in the absence of a normal stimulus Antioncogenes- tumor suppression

Question 32

Metastasize relevance

Answer 32

Not all malignant cells metastasize Potential for metastasis - cloned cells that divide and migrate

Question 33

Embolization

Answer 33

Clone cells, reach a cavity or lymphatics or blood vessel Fluid carry the clones sells Seed them at distance Cells survived the attack of circulating neutrophils , nk cells, T cells

Question 34

Angiogenesis

Answer 34

Formation of new blood vessels

Question 35

Metastasis

Answer 35

3 to 5 years after diagnosis and treatment Pulmonary system - most common! due to Venus draining from SVC, an IVC to the heart and lungs Hepatic filters blood from GI CNS - from lungs via carotid Lymphatic system - lymph nodes

Question 36

Local manifestations of cancer

Answer 36

Due to location of the tumor on surrounding structure Laryngeal cancer - hoarseness Endometrial cancer - abnormal bleeding

Question 37

Systemic manifestations of cancer

Answer 37

Anorexia Pyrexia Weakness, anemia, coagulation disorders Cancer pain Tachycardia Tachypnea Fatigue

Question 38

Symptoms of tumors

Answer 38

Depends on site and type of tumor Weakness Weight loss Appetite loss Pain may not be present Swelling Presence of masses Vomiting, diarrhea, constipation Easy, bruising, or bleeding thrombosis Anemia Seizures or neurological symptoms

Question 39

Treatment relevant to PT

Answer 39

Pain control Pharmacologic opioids Massage - massage won’t spread cancer, But no direct pressure over tumor. helps with anxiety and stress reduction, avoid deep tissue massage Modalities - therapeutic E stim contraindicated onto tumor site

Question 40

Paraneoplastic syndromes

Answer 40

Cancer can produce systemic signs and symptoms that are not direct effects of a tumor Signs and symptoms of a site distance from the tumor

Question 41

Cushing syndrome

Answer 41

Paraneoplastic syndrome Small cell carcinoma of the lung

Question 42

Hypercalcemia

Answer 42

Paraneoplastic syndrome Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung

Question 43

Polycythemia

Answer 43

Paraneoplastic syndrome Renal cell carcinoma

Question 44

Venous thrombosis

Answer 44

Paraneoplastic syndrome Pancreatic carcinoma

Question 45

Myasthenia gravis

Answer 45

Paraneoplastic syndrome Thymoma