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Physiology Test 1 > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Differentiation

A

Normal cell changes to different tissue

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2
Q

Dysplasia

A

Chronic irritation
Disorganization of cells
Vary from its normal size and shape

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3
Q

Metaplasia

A

Reversible adults all changes from one type to another

Columnar to squamous in respiratory tract

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4
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase the number of cells increase and tissue mass- during pregnancy

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5
Q

Neoplasia

A

Uncontrolled growth of cells

Proliferation that cannot be adequately controlled under normal regulatory mechanism’s operating a normal tissues by normal cells

Swelling - tumor
Spelling that is not a tumor is gout

Not all neoplasia are tumors- leukemia, multiple myeloma

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6
Q

Risk factors for cancer

A

Aging
Previous cancer
Smoking
Alcohol use
Viruses like Hpv or hepatitis B
Hormone exposure
Gender
Ethnicity
Occupation
Stress
Socio economic status

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7
Q

Benign tumor features

A

Slow expansion
Limited growth potential
Compresses surrounding tissues

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8
Q

Malignant tumor features

A

Fast expansion
Uncontrollable growth
Invade, soft tissues

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9
Q

Does the benign or malignant tumor mestases?

A

Malignant

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10
Q

What is the external surface of the benign and malignant tumor?

A

Benign is smooth
Malignant is irregular

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11
Q

Which tumor has a capsule

A

Benign tumor has a capsule, does not invade and limit soft tissue

Malignant tumor does not have a capsule , invades surrounding soft tissue, and infiltrates

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12
Q

Which tumor has necrosis and hemorrhage

A

The malignant tumor has necrosis and hemorrhage

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13
Q

Nuclei in benign and malignant tumors

A

Benign- uniform normal size
Malignant - large nuclei pleomorphic

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14
Q

Cells in tumors

A

Benign- well differentiated
Malignant - anaplastic new features

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15
Q

Cytoplasm in tumors

A

Benign- well developed
Malignant - little cytoplasm

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16
Q

Epithelial cell type

A

Papilloma
Adenoma
Malignant melanoma
Adenocarcinoma

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17
Q

Mesenchymal connective tissue and muscle

A

Fibroma fibrosarcoma osteoma osteosarcoma lipoma, liposarcoma

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18
Q

Classifying cancer

A

Cell type
Staging
Tumor, node, metastasis

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19
Q

Nerve tissue

A

Neuroma, Neuroglioma, neuroblasto, meningeal, sarcoma

20
Q

Lymphoid tissue

A

Lymphoma

21
Q

Hematopoietic tissue

A

Leukemia
Myelodysplasia
Myeloproliferative syndromes

22
Q

Staging in cancer

A

Stage 0- Ca in situ
Stage 1- localized to primary organ
Stage 2- increased risk of spread due to tumor size
Stage 3- spread regionally
Stage 4- disseminated to distant sites

23
Q

TNM

A

Tumor, node, metastasis

T- size of a tumor 0-4
N- lymph node involvement 0-4
M- metastasis 1- present 0- none

P- pathological staging lab work stage
C- clinical stage

24
Q

Gender bias

A

Males- prostate lung bronchus colon
Females - breast lung bronchus colon

Males with African ethnicity, heaviest cancer burden

25
Q

Endogenous

A

Genetic origin

Breast prostate ovarian colon cancer

26
Q

Exogenous

A

Environmental or external

Tobacco alcohol
Viruses- cervical cancer, burkits lymphoma
Chemical - tar , soot, dye, hydrocarbons arsenic
Drugs - cytotoxic drugs, steroids
Hormones - estrogen

27
Q

Hereditary risk factor for cancer

A

5% of 10% link to inherited genes

28
Q

Aging risk factor for cancer

A

50 years, 65 years and older more resistant to chemotherapy

29
Q

Lifestyle, risk factor for cancer

A

Tobacco 90% of cancers
Obesity and type two diabetes
Sexual - cervical cancer
Hormones - prolonged exposure to estrogen

30
Q

Ethnicity is factor for cancer

A

Socio economic can delay diagnosis
Stomach and liver cancer in Asian Americans
Increased risk of cancer with years living in US

31
Q

Oncogenesis

A

Oncogenes 100 identified

Segments of DNA
Transfer normal cells to malignant cells
Activated by carcinogens
Oncogene force cells to grow in the absence of a normal stimulus

Antioncogenes- tumor suppression

32
Q

Metastasize relevance

A

Not all malignant cells metastasize

Potential for metastasis - cloned cells that divide and migrate

33
Q

Embolization

A

Clone cells, reach a cavity or lymphatics or blood vessel

Fluid carry the clones sells

Seed them at distance

Cells survived the attack of circulating neutrophils , nk cells, T cells

34
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Formation of new blood vessels

35
Q

Metastasis

A

3 to 5 years after diagnosis and treatment

Pulmonary system - most common! due to Venus draining from SVC, an IVC to the heart and lungs

Hepatic filters blood from GI

CNS - from lungs via carotid

Lymphatic system - lymph nodes

36
Q

Local manifestations of cancer

A

Due to location of the tumor on surrounding structure

Laryngeal cancer - hoarseness

Endometrial cancer - abnormal bleeding

37
Q

Systemic manifestations of cancer

A

Anorexia
Pyrexia
Weakness, anemia, coagulation disorders
Cancer pain
Tachycardia
Tachypnea
Fatigue

38
Q

Symptoms of tumors

A

Depends on site and type of tumor

Weakness
Weight loss
Appetite loss
Pain may not be present
Swelling
Presence of masses
Vomiting, diarrhea, constipation
Easy, bruising, or bleeding thrombosis
Anemia
Seizures or neurological symptoms

39
Q

Treatment relevant to PT

A

Pain control
Pharmacologic opioids

Massage - massage won’t spread cancer, But no direct pressure over tumor. helps with anxiety and stress reduction, avoid deep tissue massage

Modalities - therapeutic
E stim contraindicated onto tumor site

40
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes

A

Cancer can produce systemic signs and symptoms that are not direct effects of a tumor

Signs and symptoms of a site distance from the tumor

41
Q

Cushing syndrome

A

Paraneoplastic syndrome

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

42
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Paraneoplastic syndrome

Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung

43
Q

Polycythemia

A

Paraneoplastic syndrome

Renal cell carcinoma

44
Q

Venous thrombosis

A

Paraneoplastic syndrome
Pancreatic carcinoma

45
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

Paraneoplastic syndrome

Thymoma

Physiology Test 1 (12 decks)

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