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Physiology Test 1 > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Phases of healing

A

Inflammation and repair and remodeling

Decrease excessive blood loss
Confine injurious agent
Destroy and remove the injurious agent
Stimulate the healing process
Regeneration or repair of injured tissue to restore function

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2
Q

Hemostasis

A

Vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation
Formation of a fibrin clot
Platelets release, chemokines
Migration of inflammatory sells
Mast cells, degranulate, and release histamine

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3
Q

Degeneration

A

Hematoma and necrotic zone
Inflammation begins

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4
Q

Order of phases of healing

A

Hemostasis and degeneration
Inflammation
Proliferation and migration
Remodeling and maturation

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5
Q

Inflammation

A

Vasodilation- increases blood flow and pressure

Capillary permeability
Exudate - movement of plasma in proteins from blood vessels to injured tissue

Edema
Endothelial cells to retract and create gaps
Fluid plasma, proteins, neutrophils, migrate out of vessels into interstitial space

(Neutrophils slip through gaps and walk out of the vessel - diapedesis- to the toxic agent)

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6
Q

Four cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Calor- heat
Rubor- redness
Tumor- swelling
Dolor- pain
Funcio laesa - disturbed function

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7
Q

Circulatory changes

A

Active hyperemia- vasoconstruction, dilation of arterioles

Stasis - sluggish, blood flow
Hemodynamic changes - RBC rouleaux formation of Endothelial cells to retract

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8
Q

Leukocyte accumulation

A

Margination of neutrophils
Diapedesis- leukocytes squeeze through the spaces

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9
Q

Chemical mediation

A

Chemotaxis - migration of leukocytes space on a chemical gradient to the injured site

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10
Q

Neutrophils

A

Polymorphonuclear (pmn)
Secret chemical mediators
First phagocyte on injured site
short lifespan
Amount in exudate - diagnostic

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11
Q

Macrophages

A

Next phagocyte on site
Modulate the activity of lymphocytes
Longer inflammation process

Points to chronic

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12
Q

Monocytes

A

Turn into macrophages at the tissue level phagocytic

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13
Q

Mast cells

A

Release stored histamine (creates congestion)
Synthesize arachidonic acid derivatives

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14
Q

Roles of chemical mediators

A

Vasodilation
Vascular permeability
Opsonization
Chemotaxis
Fever
Pain
Tissue damage

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15
Q

Vasodilation

A

Histamine
Bradykinin
Nitric oxide
PGs

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16
Q

Vascular permeability

A

Histamine
CS
PAF
LT
Bradykinin

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17
Q

Opsonizations

A

TNF-a
ILs

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18
Q

Chemotaxis

A

TNF
ILs

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19
Q

Fever

A

IL-1
TNF-a
PG

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20
Q

Pain

A

Kinins
PG

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21
Q

Tissue damage

A

CS
Lysosomal enzymes

22
Q

Arachidonic acid derivatives

A

Cyclooxygenase pathway
Lipoxygenase pathway

23
Q

Cyclooxygenase pathway

A

Prostaglandins cause inflammation, swelling pain and fever
Thromboxanes clot formation
Aspirin and NSAIDs inhibitory affect

24
Q

Lipoxygenase pathway

A

Leukotrienes
Active leukocytes
mediators of asthmatic and allergic response

25
Effusion
Transudate Exudate
26
Transudate
Clear, low protein, low white blood cells. Non-inflammatory. This is because of hydrostatic pressure
27
Exudate
Inflammatory Higher protein Leukocytes Classified into subtypes
28
Beneficial effects of the fluid exudate
Dilution of toxins Entry of antibodies into the extravascular space Transport Breaks through the fibrin barrier Deliver of nutrients and oxygen Stimulation of immune response
29
Sanguineous
Presence of blood Hematoma
30
Serous
Thin clear, yellow Joint effusion, blisters
31
Serosanguineous
Blood tinged A combination of serous and sanguineous
32
Purulent
Viscous cloudy, puss with cellular debris Abscess
33
Catarrhal
Mucous Respiratory infection
34
Inflammatory exudates
Sanguineous Serous Serosanguineous Purulent Catarrhal
35
Systemic symptoms of inflammation
Decreased appetite Nausea Fever Malaise Weight loss Anemia Weakness
36
Angiogenesis and neovascularization
Granulation tissue formation scar tissue remodeling Part of proliferation and migrations
37
Tissue matrix
Fibronectin Proteoglycans Elastin Collagen
38
Repair cells
Fibroblasts Myofibroblast Endothelial cells Epidermal cells
39
Regeneration and repair
Regeneration -Regrowth of original tissue Repair - Formation of scar tissue Immature scar - read, raised, rigid Mature scar - pale, planar or pliable
40
Remodeling phase
May extend to a year or more After three weeks 15% tensile strength Maximal scar strength is 80% of the unwounded skin
41
Angiogenesis and neovascularization
Within two days of injury Endothelial cell proliferation Growth of new blood vessels to support metabolism Dominates the proliferative phase granulation tissue was formed Contain mainly endothelial cells and fibroblast Newly formed tissue and capillary net work is pale pink More mature, tissue and capillary vessels are beefy red
42
Tissue matrix
Fibroblast proliferate Matrix- by fibrin and fibronectin New collagen, elastin, and proteoglycans Myofibroblasts Epithelialization
43
Myofibroblasts
go around the wound edge and contracts- wound contraction
44
Epithelialization
keratinocytes- keratinizes at wound border changes your skin to your normal color- phagocytic activity
45
Proteoglycans
CHO chains and sugars Secreted by fibroblast Binds to fibronectin and collagen for stabilization Retains water and helps to hydrate tissue
46
Elastin
Secreted by fibroblasts Creates cross-links to provide tissue elasticity
47
Factors affecting repair
Inadequate, nutritional intake Decreased oxygen perfusion Prolonged use of corticosteroids Vascular insufficiency Infection Smoking
48
Organs composed of cells that do not regenerate
Heart CNS PNS
49
Organs composed of cells that replace missing tissue through cell division
Liver Integumentary G.I.
50
Cells that can be induced to divide
Skeletal muscle cells Renal cells
51
Complications of inflammation occur when
out of balance - hypogranulation, hyper granulation, hypertrophic scar Chronic inflammation

Physiology Test 1 (12 decks)

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