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Physiology Test 1 > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Phases of healing

A

Inflammation and repair and remodeling

Decrease excessive blood loss
Confine injurious agent
Destroy and remove the injurious agent
Stimulate the healing process
Regeneration or repair of injured tissue to restore function

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2
Q

Hemostasis

A

Vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation
Formation of a fibrin clot
Platelets release, chemokines
Migration of inflammatory sells
Mast cells, degranulate, and release histamine

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3
Q

Degeneration

A

Hematoma and necrotic zone
Inflammation begins

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4
Q

Order of phases of healing

A

Hemostasis and degeneration
Inflammation
Proliferation and migration
Remodeling and maturation

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5
Q

Inflammation

A

Vasodilation- increases blood flow and pressure

Capillary permeability
Exudate - movement of plasma in proteins from blood vessels to injured tissue

Edema
Endothelial cells to retract and create gaps
Fluid plasma, proteins, neutrophils, migrate out of vessels into interstitial space

(Neutrophils slip through gaps and walk out of the vessel - diapedesis- to the toxic agent)

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6
Q

Four cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Calor- heat
Rubor- redness
Tumor- swelling
Dolor- pain
Funcio laesa - disturbed function

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7
Q

Circulatory changes

A

Active hyperemia- vasoconstruction, dilation of arterioles

Stasis - sluggish, blood flow
Hemodynamic changes - RBC rouleaux formation of Endothelial cells to retract

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8
Q

Leukocyte accumulation

A

Margination of neutrophils
Diapedesis- leukocytes squeeze through the spaces

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9
Q

Chemical mediation

A

Chemotaxis - migration of leukocytes space on a chemical gradient to the injured site

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10
Q

Neutrophils

A

Polymorphonuclear (pmn)
Secret chemical mediators
First phagocyte on injured site
short lifespan
Amount in exudate - diagnostic

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11
Q

Macrophages

A

Next phagocyte on site
Modulate the activity of lymphocytes
Longer inflammation process

Points to chronic

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12
Q

Monocytes

A

Turn into macrophages at the tissue level phagocytic

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13
Q

Mast cells

A

Release stored histamine (creates congestion)
Synthesize arachidonic acid derivatives

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14
Q

Roles of chemical mediators

A

Vasodilation
Vascular permeability
Opsonization
Chemotaxis
Fever
Pain
Tissue damage

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15
Q

Vasodilation

A

Histamine
Bradykinin
Nitric oxide
PGs

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16
Q

Vascular permeability

A

Histamine
CS
PAF
LT
Bradykinin

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17
Q

Opsonizations

A

TNF-a
ILs

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18
Q

Chemotaxis

A

TNF
ILs

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19
Q

Fever

A

IL-1
TNF-a
PG

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20
Q

Pain

A

Kinins
PG

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21
Q

Tissue damage

A

CS
Lysosomal enzymes

22
Q

Arachidonic acid derivatives

A

Cyclooxygenase pathway
Lipoxygenase pathway

23
Q

Cyclooxygenase pathway

A

Prostaglandins cause inflammation, swelling pain and fever
Thromboxanes clot formation
Aspirin and NSAIDs inhibitory affect

24
Q

Lipoxygenase pathway

A

Leukotrienes
Active leukocytes
mediators of asthmatic and allergic response

25
Q

Effusion

A

Transudate
Exudate

26
Q

Transudate

A

Clear, low protein, low white blood cells. Non-inflammatory.
This is because of hydrostatic pressure

27
Q

Exudate

A

Inflammatory
Higher protein
Leukocytes
Classified into subtypes

28
Q

Beneficial effects of the fluid exudate

A

Dilution of toxins
Entry of antibodies into the extravascular space
Transport
Breaks through the fibrin barrier
Deliver of nutrients and oxygen
Stimulation of immune response

29
Q

Sanguineous

A

Presence of blood
Hematoma

30
Q

Serous

A

Thin clear, yellow

Joint effusion, blisters

31
Q

Serosanguineous

A

Blood tinged
A combination of serous and sanguineous

32
Q

Purulent

A

Viscous cloudy, puss with cellular debris
Abscess

33
Q

Catarrhal

A

Mucous
Respiratory infection

34
Q

Inflammatory exudates

A

Sanguineous
Serous
Serosanguineous
Purulent
Catarrhal

35
Q

Systemic symptoms of inflammation

A

Decreased appetite
Nausea
Fever
Malaise
Weight loss
Anemia
Weakness

36
Q

Angiogenesis and neovascularization

A

Granulation tissue formation
scar tissue remodeling

Part of proliferation and migrations

37
Q

Tissue matrix

A

Fibronectin
Proteoglycans
Elastin
Collagen

38
Q

Repair cells

A

Fibroblasts
Myofibroblast
Endothelial cells
Epidermal cells

39
Q

Regeneration and repair

A

Regeneration -Regrowth of original tissue
Repair - Formation of scar tissue
Immature scar - read, raised, rigid
Mature scar - pale, planar or pliable

40
Q

Remodeling phase

A

May extend to a year or more

After three weeks 15% tensile strength

Maximal scar strength is 80% of the unwounded skin

41
Q

Angiogenesis and neovascularization

A

Within two days of injury
Endothelial cell proliferation
Growth of new blood vessels to support metabolism
Dominates the proliferative phase
granulation tissue was formed

Contain mainly endothelial cells and fibroblast

Newly formed tissue and capillary net work is pale pink

More mature, tissue and capillary vessels are beefy red

42
Q

Tissue matrix

A

Fibroblast proliferate
Matrix- by fibrin and fibronectin
New collagen, elastin, and proteoglycans

Myofibroblasts
Epithelialization

43
Q

Myofibroblasts

A

go around the wound edge and contracts- wound contraction

44
Q

Epithelialization

A

keratinocytes- keratinizes at wound border changes your skin to your normal color- phagocytic activity

45
Q

Proteoglycans

A

CHO chains and sugars
Secreted by fibroblast
Binds to fibronectin and collagen for stabilization
Retains water and helps to hydrate tissue

46
Q

Elastin

A

Secreted by fibroblasts
Creates cross-links to provide tissue elasticity

47
Q

Factors affecting repair

A

Inadequate, nutritional intake
Decreased oxygen perfusion
Prolonged use of corticosteroids
Vascular insufficiency
Infection
Smoking

48
Q

Organs composed of cells that do not regenerate

A

Heart
CNS
PNS

49
Q

Organs composed of cells that replace missing tissue through cell division

A

Liver
Integumentary
G.I.

50
Q

Cells that can be induced to divide

A

Skeletal muscle cells
Renal cells

51
Q

Complications of inflammation occur when

A

out of balance - hypogranulation, hyper granulation, hypertrophic scar

Chronic inflammation

Physiology Test 1 (12 decks)

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