Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

QUIZ 15 > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

benign tumors

A

often encapsulated, surrounded by fibrous sheath of connective tissues; well-differentiated and morphology of normal cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

malignant tumors

A

variation in size and shape, nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio and are poorly differentiated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

anaplastic

A

have lost differentiation markers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

pleomorphism

A

variation in size and shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

hyperchromasia

A

increased DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cancer development

A

normal –> hyperplasia –> dysplastic growth –> carcinoma in situ –> invasive malignancy –> metastasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

benign

A

cells deviate only minimally from normal cells but in excessive number; hyperplasia and metaplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

hyperplasia

A

appear normal but with excessive number of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

metaplasia

A

displacement of normal cells with a normal cell type but in wrong spot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

dysplasia

A

abnormal appearance and growth rate (cancer precursor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

carcinoma in situ

A

early form of cancer that is defined by the absence of basement membrane invasion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

invasive cancer

A

cancer cells have breached the basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

metastasis

A

cancer cells have migrated to distant sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

oncogene

A

a gene that transforms cells; cancer-inducing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

tumor suppressor gene

A

constrains cell proliferation; loss leads to cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

loss of p53

A

decreased apoptosis –> cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

loss of APC

A

decreased cell cycle control -> cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

kras mutation

A

oncogene is constitutively expressed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

APC pathway

A

APC normally inhibits beta-catenin –> if lost, beta-catenin will remain on and increase proliferation and decrease differentiation

20
Q

GAP inhibition

A

GTP is always bound leading to constitutive Ras activation

21
Q

intratumor heterogeneity

A

not all cancer cells inside the same tumor have same behavior

22
Q

interpatient heterogeneity

A

same cancer in different patients but tumors are heterogeneous

23
Q

altered metabolism in cancer cells

A

will express PK-M2 to slow conversion of PEP to pyruvate, allowing glycolysis intermediates to build up and be used for NT synthesis; will express LDH for formation of lactate; take up more glucose for more energy

24
Q

initiation

A

cause DNA mutation; effect is irreversible

25
Q

promotion

A

induced by compounds (skin irritant, TPA) or endogenous conditions (hormones) that promote proliferation of cell giving rise to larger number of cells carrying mutation; NO EFFECT unless cell has been treated with initiator

26
Q

progression

A

acquisition of further mutation by exposure to initiator or repeated promoter exposure

27
Q

examples of initiator

A

cigarettes, red meat, radiation, ROS, alkylating agents

28
Q

examples of promoters

A

cytotoxic or mitogeni agents (ethanol), estrogens, androgens, chronic inflammation

29
Q

initiator only, single exposure

A

no change

30
Q

promoter only, multiple exposures

A

no change

31
Q

initiator + multiple promoters

A

papilloma

32
Q

initiator + promoter in different area

A

no change

33
Q

initiator + multiple promoters and then removal of promoter

A

papilloma regresses

34
Q

initiator + continuous promoter exposure

A

advanced papilloma, even after promoter removal

35
Q

papilloma + initiator

A

carcinoma

36
Q

Cox-2 inhibition

A

shown to suppress development of carcinoma, indicating inflammation association

37
Q

parenchyma

A

tumor classification and biological behavior

38
Q

reactive stroma

A

modulate tumor growth and spread (connective tissue, blood vessels, fibroblasts)

39
Q

invasion into distant sites

A

EMT transition for intravasation into vessels to travel to new place –> MET transition to set up colony once at new place

40
Q

EMT

A

loss of E-cadherin and catenin, gain of vimentin and fibronectin; activation of snail, slug, twist

41
Q

role of stroma in EMT

A

secretes growth factors such as EGF, HGF, TGF, FGF

42
Q

angiogenesis in cancer

A

increase in HIF-1A leads to stimulation of VEG-F to make new blood vessels

43
Q

macrophages in angiogenesis

A

produce IL-8 and VEGF and release MMPs to liberate angiogenic factors

44
Q

properties of tumor vessel

A

higher permeability, increased leakage, more dense, more fragile, not many pericytes

45
Q

avastin

A

VEGF antagonist (monoclonal antibody) to decrease angiogenesis

46
Q

sunitinib

A

VEGF receptor antagonist that inhibit receptor tyrosine kinase activities

47
Q

interferon

A

blocks IL-8 in kaposi sarcoma

QUIZ 15 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions