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QUIZ 15 > Innate Immunology > Flashcards

Innate Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

cardinal signs of inflammation

A

redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function

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2
Q

initial components of innate system (0-4 hours)

A

mechanical barriers (skin, mucosal, microflora) and chemical barriers (complement and defensins)

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3
Q

later components of innate system (after 4 hours)

A

cellular (neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, etc.) and cytokines (IL-1, TNF-alpha, IL-6)

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4
Q

classical pathway

A

antigen-antibody complexes activate C3 convertase (C4bC2a) and C5 convertase (C4b2a3b)

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5
Q

lectin pathway

A

MBL-MASP complexes activate C3 convertase (C4bC2a) and C5 convertase (C4b2a3b)

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6
Q

alternative pathway

A

spontaneous C3 hydrolysis

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7
Q

C3b

A

amplification and opsonization

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8
Q

C5b

A

helps form MAC

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9
Q

C3a and C5a

A

inflammation via anaphylatoxins (recruit neutrophils and monocytes)

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10
Q

defensins

A

small, amphipathic peptides that are expressed by epithelial cells in select locations to prevent bacterial colonization

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11
Q

defensins are expressed by _

A

neutrophils to contribute to killing of microbes after phagocytosis

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12
Q

lysozymes

A

can eat the peptidoglycans on gram-negative bacteria

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13
Q

receptors on innate cells

A

pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

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14
Q

PRRs recognize _

A

PAMPs and DAMPs

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15
Q

PAMPs (pattern associated molecular patterns)

A

expressed by viruses (DNA, RNA), bacteria (LPS, flagellin), parasites (PIs), and fungi (mannan)

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16
Q

DAMPs (damage associated molecular patterns)

A

expressed by dying cells (ATP, mitoDNA, uric acid)

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17
Q

prototypical PRR’s

A

toll-like receptors

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18
Q

TLR’s are found _

A

predominantly on dendritic cells and macrophages

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19
Q

TLR5

A

recognizes protein

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20
Q

TLR7-9, TLR3

A

recognizes nucleic acids

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21
Q

PRR locations

A

can be secreted, on cell surface, endosomal, cytosolic

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22
Q

TLR4

A

lipids

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23
Q

consequence of PRR activation

A

enhance host resistance, minimize tissue damage, and promote resolution

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24
Q

inflammasome

A

cleave pro-IL-1beta into active IL-1beta

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25
Q

TNF-alpha

A

induces blood vessels to be more permeable, enabling cells, fluid, and soluble effectors to enter infected tissue

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26
Q

IL-6

A

induces fat and muscle cells to metabolize, generate heat, and raise temp in affected tissue

27
Q

acute phase response

A

cytokine release due to PRR –> activation of liver –> acute phase response

28
Q

cytokines that activate acute phase response

A

IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha (stimulate CRP, complement, and fibrinogen)

29
Q

eosinophil function

A

combat parasitic infections via IgE mediated response

30
Q

basophil function

A

influence development of adaptive immunity by releasing IL-4 which stimulates Th2, causing class switch to IgE (parasitic and allergic responses)

31
Q

neutrophil function

A

phagocytic cells that are able to ingest and kill microbes but are short lived and the most numerous

32
Q

macrophages

A

phagocytose and then digest pathogens

33
Q

classical activation of macrophages

A

LPS, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha

34
Q

classical macrophages cause _

A

antibacterial activity; they are cytotoxic and have high iNOS

35
Q

alternative activation of macrophages

A

IL-4, IL-13, IL-10, TGF-beta

36
Q

alternative macrophages cause _

A

tissue repair; immunosuppressive and have high ARG1 expression

37
Q

mature DC’s will express _

A

co-stimulatory molecules

38
Q

function of dendritic cells

A

sense pathogen, phagocytose pathogen, migrate to lymph node, and increase surface expression of MHC-II and MHC-I and enhance expression of CD80, CD86, CD40, release cytokines to polarize T cells

39
Q

How do dendritic cells stimulate T cells?

A

immature DC’s will recognize PAMPs to become activated –> TLR signaling induces CCR7 and enhances processing of antigens –> migration to lymph node via CCR7 –> present peptide via MHC complex to T cells in lymph node

40
Q

innate viral responses are performed by _

A

plasmacytoid DCs (make IFN-1) and NK cells

41
Q

plasmacytoid DCs

A

synthesize type I IFNs to direct antiviral effects, activate NK cells, and essential for antibody responses; significant source of IL-12 during early response

42
Q

actions of type I IFN

A

inhibition of translation, mRNA degradation, transcriptional inhibition

43
Q

NK cells

A

kill virus-infected cells, produce IFN-gamma, and are activated by macrophage-derived cytokines

44
Q

innate cells for virus

A

NK cells and pDCs

45
Q

level I cytokines for virus

A

type I IFNs

46
Q

T cells for viruses

A

CD8’s

47
Q

level 2 cytokines for viruses

A

IFN-gamma

48
Q

antibodies for viruses

A

IgG for neutralization

49
Q

intracellular bacteria innate cells

A

macrophages

50
Q

level 1 cytokines for IC bacteria

A

IL-12, TNF-alpha, and IL-1

51
Q

T cells for IC bacteria

A

CD4 Th1

52
Q

level 2 cytokines for IC bacteria

A

IFN-gamma

53
Q

antibodies for IC bacteria

A

IgG for opsonization

54
Q

innate cells for EC bacteria and fungi

A

macrophages and neutrophils

55
Q

level I cytokines for EC bacteria/fungi

A

IL-23, IL-1, IL-6

56
Q

T cells for EC bacteria/fungi

A

CD4 Th17

57
Q

antibodies for EC bacteria/fungi

A

IgG and IgA for help at mucosal sites

58
Q

innate cells for parasites

A

eosinophils, basophils

59
Q

level I cytokines for parasites

A

IL-4

60
Q

T cells for parasites

A

CD4 Th2

61
Q

level 2 cytokines for parasites

A

IL-4 elicits IgE

62
Q

level 2 cytokines for EC bacteria/fungi

A

IL-17 recruits PMNs

63
Q

antibodies for parasites

A

IgE to help eosinophils

QUIZ 15 (16 decks)

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