Neoplasia

Question 1

Apoptosis

Answer 1

normal, controlled cell death

Question 2

Desmoplasia

Answer 2

Formation of connective tissue in response to tumours

Question 3

Dysplasia

Answer 3

Increased proliferation, incomplete mutation - large nuclei, mitotic figures and nucleoli

Question 4

Stroma

Answer 4

Supporting tissue of epithelial organ, tumour etc (consists of connective tissue and vessels)

Question 5

Neoplasia

Answer 5

Uncontrolled cell growth not under physiological control

Question 6

Parenchyma

Answer 6

Functional tissue of organ

Question 7

Benign cells

Answer 7

Slow growing, little dysplasia, don’t break basement membrane and need to be removed if too bulky

Question 8

Malignant tumours

Answer 8

Fast growing and high levels of dysplasia, can break basement membrane and metastasise

Question 9

What does ectoderm form

Answer 9

Neural cells and skin

Question 10

What does mesoderm form

Answer 10

Muscles and connective tissues

Question 11

What does endoderm form

Answer 11

Organs and GI system

Question 12

Adeno-

Answer 12

Gland

Question 13

Hemangio-

Answer 13

Blood vessels

Question 14

Melano-

Answer 14

Pigment cell

Question 15

Myelo-

Answer 15

Bone marrow

Question 16

Myo-

Answer 16

muscle

Question 17

benign suffix for mesenchymal tissues

Answer 17

-oma

Question 18

Benign epithelial tumours

Answer 18

Adenopma

Papilloma

Question 19

Malignant tumours

Answer 19

-sarcoma in mesenchymal tissues

carcinoma from epithelial cells

Question 20

Grading tumours

Answer 20

• Grade 1 tumours are well differentiated and look like original tumour - low dysplasia
• Grade 2 are poorly differentiated - high dysplasia
• Grade 3 are undifferentiated - don’t look like original tissue

Question 21

Staging tumours

Answer 21

• How far has the cancer spread?
• Locally (has it invaded basement membrane)
• TNM = tumour size +/- local invasion, N = regional lymph nodes, M = distant metastases

Question 22

TNM staging

Answer 22

T:

Not breaking basement membrane = 1

Basement membrane = 2

Invading local structures = 3

N:

Local LN = 1

Second group of LN = 2

M:

Y/N distant metastases