Neoplasia Flashcards
Apoptosis
normal, controlled cell death
Desmoplasia
Formation of connective tissue in response to tumours
Dysplasia
Increased proliferation, incomplete mutation - large nuclei, mitotic figures and nucleoli
Stroma
Supporting tissue of epithelial organ, tumour etc (consists of connective tissue and vessels)
Neoplasia
Uncontrolled cell growth not under physiological control
Parenchyma
Functional tissue of organ
Benign cells
Slow growing, little dysplasia, don’t break basement membrane and need to be removed if too bulky
Malignant tumours
Fast growing and high levels of dysplasia, can break basement membrane and metastasise
What does ectoderm form
Neural cells and skin
What does mesoderm form
Muscles and connective tissues
What does endoderm form
Organs and GI system
Adeno-
Gland
Hemangio-
Blood vessels
Melano-
Pigment cell
Myelo-
Bone marrow
Myo-
muscle
benign suffix for mesenchymal tissues
-oma
Benign epithelial tumours
Adenopma
Papilloma
Malignant tumours
-sarcoma in mesenchymal tissues
carcinoma from epithelial cells
Grading tumours
- Grade 1 tumours are well differentiated and look like original tumour - low dysplasia
- Grade 2 are poorly differentiated - high dysplasia
- Grade 3 are undifferentiated - don’t look like original tissue
Staging tumours
- How far has the cancer spread?
- Locally (has it invaded basement membrane)
- TNM = tumour size +/- local invasion, N = regional lymph nodes, M = distant metastases
TNM staging
T:
Not breaking basement membrane = 1
Basement membrane = 2
Invading local structures = 3
N:
Local LN = 1
Second group of LN = 2
M:
Y/N distant metastases
