Neonatology

Question 1

Why may neonates require care?

Answer 1

Prematurity
Low birth weight
Intrauterine growth restriction
Congenital malformation
Infection
Birth asphyxia

Question 2

When does the CVS develop in utero?

Answer 2

End of the third week

Question 3

When does the fetal heart start to beat?

Answer 3

Beginning of the fourth week

Question 4

What is ductus arteriosus?

Answer 4

Small vessel connecting pulmonary artery with aorta

Question 5

What is the purpose of the ductus arteriosus?

Answer 5

Prevents circulatory overload in lungs

Question 6

What is the ductus venosus?

Answer 6

Foetal blood vessel connecting umblical vein to IVC

Question 7

What is normal blood pressure for a full term newborn?

Answer 7

1 hour - 70/44
1 day - 70/42
3 days - 77/49

Question 8

What is a normal resp rate for a baby?

Answer 8

30-60/min

Periodical so must be assessed over a full minute

Question 9

What is normal new born heart rate?

Answer 9

120-160

Question 10

What is considered bradycardia in a full term baby?

Answer 10

<100

Question 11

What is considered tachycardia in a full term baby?

Answer 11

> 160

Question 12

How do newborn babies generate heat?

Answer 12

Metabolic production through lipolysis of brown fat

Question 13

What is the innervation of brown fat?

Answer 13

Sympathetic neurons

Question 14

How do babies lose heat?

Answer 14

Radiation
Convection - heat loss by moving air
Evaporation
Conduction - heat loss to surface on which baby lies

Question 15

What should newborn gas partial pressures be?

Answer 15

PaCO2 - 5-6kPa

PaO2 - 8-12kPa

Question 16

What should tidal volume of a newborn be?

Answer 16

4-6ml/kg

Question 17

When does physiological jaundice happen?

Answer 17

Day of life 2-3 until 7-10 in term infants and up to 21 in premature

Question 18

What causes weight loss in newborn babies?

Answer 18

Shift of interstitial fluid to intravascular

Diuresis

Question 19

What is expected haemoglobin at different stages of a baby’s life?

Answer 19

Born with 15-20
Week 10 - 11.4
Week 20 - 12

Question 20

What weight is a baby considered to be too small?

Answer 20

Less than 2500g

Question 21

What are causes of low birth weight?

Answer 21

Hypotrophy
Small for gestational age
Intrauterine growth restriction

Question 22

What are maternal causes of small for weight?

Answer 22

Maternal smoking

Pre-eclampsic toxaemia

Question 23

What are foetal causes for low weight?

Answer 23

Trisomy 18 and 21

Infection

Question 24

What are placental causes of low birth weight?

Answer 24

Placental abruption

Twin pregnancy - Monochorionic monoamniotic - twin-twin transfusion

Question 25

What are common problems with babies being small?

Answer 25

Perinatal hypoxia
Hypoglycaemia
Hypothermia
Polycythaemia
Thrombocytopenia
GI problems

Question 26

What are potential long term problems for small babies?

Answer 26

Hypertension
Reduced growth
Obesity
Ischaemic heart disease

Question 27

What is considered very low and extremely low birth weight?

Answer 27

Very is <1500g

Extremely is <1000g

Question 28

What system can be affected by prematurity?

Answer 28

Any

Question 29

How is respiratory distress syndrome prevented?

Answer 29

Antenatal steroids if concern for prevention

Surfactant after birth

Question 30

What causes bronchopulmonary dyslasia?

Answer 30

Overstretcg by volu-baro-trauma

Question 31

How is apnoea treated in preterm?

Answer 31

Caffeine

Question 32

How is intraventricuar haemorrhage prevented?

Answer 32

Antenatal steroids

Question 33

What happens as a result of permanent ductus arteriosus?

Answer 33

Overperfusion of lungs - lung oedema

Systemic ischaemia due to pulmonary circulation stealing from systemic

Question 34

How is necrotising enterocolitis treated?

Answer 34

Surgical intervention
Antibiotics
Parenteral nutrition