Neonatology Flashcards
What is the normal blood pressure of a new-born?
1 hour old
- Systolic 70
- Diastolic 44
What is the usual respiratory rate of a new-born?
- 30-60 per minute
- Periodical breathing pattern
What is considered normal HR in a new-born?
- 120-160bpm
- tachycardia = >160bpm
- bradycardia = <100bpm
Why do new-borns need metabolic production of heat?
They lack shivering thermogenesis
When does physiological jaundice occur?
- Appears on Day of life (DOL) 2-3.
- Disappears within 7-10 DOL in term infants and up to 21 DOL in premature infants.
What is the incidence of physiological jaundice?
Up to 60% of term babies and 80% of premature babies
When is it normal not to pass urine?
Term baby for the first 24 hours
Why do premature infants lose more water through their kidneys?
- Slower GFR
- Reduced Na reabsorption
- Decreased ability to concentrate or dilute urine
What is considered IUGR?
<10th centile
What is considered severe IUGR?
<0.4th centile
What are the categories of causes of babies being small for dates?
- Maternal
- Foetal
- Placental
- Other
What maternal causes of small for dates are there?
- Alcohol
- Smoking
- Pre-eclamptic toxaemia
What foetal causes of small for dates are there?
- Chromosomal (Edwards’ syndrome)
- Infection (CMV)
What placental causes of small for date are there?
- Placental abruption
- Anything that affects placental perfusion
Why can small for dates occur with twins?
Twin to twin transfusion syndrome
What are some common problems experienced by small for date babies?
- Perinatal Hypoxia
- Hypoglycaemia
- Hypothermia
- Polycythaemia
- Thrombocytopenia
- Gastrointestinal problems (feeds, NEC)
- RDS, Infection
What long term problems can babies that are small for dates experience?
- Hypertension
- Reduced growth
- Obesity
- Ischaemic heart disease
Premature
Baby delivered <37 weeks
Extremely preterm
Baby delivered <28 weeks
Low birth weight
- Low birth weight = <2500g
- Very low birth weight = <1500g
- Extremely low birth weight = <1000g
How is RDS (respiratory distress syndrome) prevented?
Antenatal steroids
What early treatment is there for RDS?
- Surfactant
- Early extubation
- N-CPAP
- Minimal ventilation
What can cause BPD (Bronchopulmonary dysplasia)?
Damage to the lungs casued by mechanical ventillation and long term use of oxygen
How is BPD (Bronchopulmonary dysplasia) treated?
- Patience
- Nutrition and growth
- Steroids
