Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Paediatrics > Growth, Development and Health > Flashcards

Growth, Development and Health Flashcards

1
Q

What are the recognised phases of childhood?

A
  • Neonate (<4w)
  • Infant (<12m/1y)
  • Toddler (~1-2y)
  • Pre-school (~2-5y)
  • School age
  • Teenager/ Adolescent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 5 key developmental fields?

A
  • Gross motor
  • Fine motor
  • Speech and language
  • Social and self help
  • Hearing and vision
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 4 key milestones?

A
  • Social smile
  • Sitting
  • Walking
  • First words
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When should children be referred for not meeting milestones?

A

If not achieved by limit age (2 SDs from mean)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What must you correct for with milestones?

A

Correct for prematurity until 2 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the usual development of walking?

A
  • Some start 9-10 months
  • 50% by 12 months
  • Refer if not walking by 18 months
  • Beware of bottom shufflers and commando crawlers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What factors influence development?

A
  • Genetics (Family, race, gender)
  • Environment
  • Positive early childhood experience
  • Developing brain vulnerable to insults (including antenatal, post natal and abuse and neglect)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What antenatal factors can influence development?

A
  • Infections (CMV, Rubella, Toxo, VZV)
  • Toxins (Alcohol, Smoking, Anti-epileptics)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What post-natal factors can influence development?

A
  • Infection (Meningitis, encephalitis)
  • Toxins (solvents mercury, lead)
  • Trauma (Head injuries)
  • Malnutrition (iron, folate, vit D)
  • Metabolic (Hypoglycaemia, hyper + hyponatraemia)
  • Maltreatment/ under stimulation/ domestic violence
  • Maternal mental health issues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why do we assess development?

A
  • Reassurance
  • Early diagnosis and intervention
  • Discuss positive stimulation
  • Provision of information
  • Improving outcomes (pre-school years critical)
  • Genetic counselling
  • Coexistent health issues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Who assesses child development?

A
  • Parents and wider family
  • Health visitors, nursery, teachers
  • -GPs, A+E, FYs, STs, students
  • Paediatricians and community paediatricians
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is development observed in a child?

A
  • How do they move their body around? (Gross Motor)
  • What do they do with their hands? (Fine Motor)
  • How do they communicate? (Speech and Language)
  • What can they do for themselves? (Social and Self Help)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is involved in assessing development?

A
  • Healthy Child Programme (HCP) UK
  • Screening may not always be sensitive/ specific
  • Listen to parental concerns/ videos on phone
  • Good observation of play and activity
  • Medical history and examination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Give examples of normal variation.

A
  • Early developers
  • Late normal
  • Bottom shufflers - walking delay
  • Bilingual families - apparent language delay (total words may be normal)
  • Familial traits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the red flags when assessing development?

A
  • Loss of developmental skills
  • Parental/ professional concern re. vision
  • Hearing loss
  • Persistent low muscle tone/ floppiness
  • No speech by 18 months, esp if no other communication
  • Asymmetry of movements/ increased muscle tone
  • Not walking by 18m/Persistent toe walking
  • OFC > 99.6th / < 0.4th / crossed two centiles/ disproportionate to parental OFC
  • Clinician uncertain/ thinks that development may be disordered
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where is a child’s progress recorded?

A

The RED book

17
Q

What are the different components of the child health programme?

A
  • New-born exam and blood spot screening
  • New-born hearing screening (by Day 28)
  • Health Visitor First Visit
  • 6-8w Review (Max 12w)
  • 27-30 month Review (Max 32m)
  • Orthoptist vision screening (4-5y)
18
Q

Give examples of conditions that are screened for using blood spotting.

A
  • PKU
  • Congenital hypothyroidism
  • CF
  • Medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
  • Sickle cell disorder
19
Q

What does the 6-8 week review consist of?

A
  • Identification data (Name, address, GP)
  • Feeding (breast/ bottle/ both)
  • Parental concerns (appearance, hearing; eyes, sleeping, movement, illness, crying, weight)
  • Development (gross motor, hearing + communication, vision + social awareness)
  • Measurements (Weight, OFC, Length)
  • Examination (heart, hips, testes, genitalia, femoral pulses and eyes (red reflex))
  • Sleeping position (supine, prone, side)
20
Q

What does the 27-30 month review consist of?

A
  • Identification data (name, address, GP) Development
  • Social, behavioural, attention and emotional
  • Communication, speech and language
  • Gross and fine motor
  • Vision, hearing
  • Physical measurements (height and weight)
  • Diagnoses / other issues
21
Q

What are the components of the Healthy Child Programme?

A
  • Antenatal
  • Birth -1w (Feeding, hearing, examination, Vit K immunisations, blood spot
  • 2w (Feeding, maternal mental health, jaundice, SIDS)
  • 6-8w (Exam, Immunisations, measure, maternal mental health)
  • 1y (Growth, health promotion, questions)
  • 2-2.5y (development, concerns, language)
  • 5y (Immunisations, dental, hearing, vision)
22
Q

What health promotion is given to parents?

A
  • Smoking
  • Alcohol/ Drugs
  • Nutrition
  • Hazards and safety
  • Dental Health
  • Support services
23
Q

Why are children vaccinated?

A
  • Highly effective public health measure
  • Reduction and eradication of diseases
24
Q

Who receives vaccinations?

A
  • All children (additional if “at risk”)
  • Chronological age (i.e. don’t correct prems)
  • Egg allergy is not a contraindication to MMR
25
Q

When should children not receive vaccines?

A
  • No live vaccines if child is immunocompromised
  • Postpone if child is unwell
26
Q

What are the 3 key physical measurements?

A
  • Weight (grams and Kgs)
  • Length (cm) or height (if >2y)
  • Head circumference (OFC) (cm)
27
Q

Useful reference values to remember

Weight at birth, 4 months, 12 months and 3 years (kg)

A
  • Birth 3.3
  • 4 months 6.6
  • 12 months 10
  • 3 years 15
28
Q

Useful reference values to remember

Length at birth, 4 months, 12 months and 3 years

A
  • Birth 50cm
  • 4 months 60cm
  • 12 months 75cm
  • 3 years 95cm
29
Q

Useful reference values to remember

OFC at birth and 12 months

A
  • Birth 35cm
  • 12 months 45cm
30
Q

What is a centile?

A

% division of population sampled

31
Q

What is failure to thrive?

A
  • Child growing too slowly in form and usually function at the expected rate for his or her age
  • Crossing centile spaces
  • Demand for energy and nutrients > supply
32
Q

What can cause failure to thrive?

A
  • Maternal deficient intake
  • Infant deficient intake
  • Increased metabolic demands
  • Excessive nutrient loss
  • Non-organic causes
33
Q

What maternal intake deficiency causes of FTT are there?

A
  • Poor lactation
  • Incorrectly prepared feeds
  • Unusual milk or other feeds
  • Inadequate care
34
Q

What infant intake deficiency causes of FTT are there?

A
  • Prematurity
  • Small for dates
  • Oro palatal abnormalities (e.g. cleft palate)
  • Neuromuscular disease (e.g. cerebral palsy) -Genetic disorders
35
Q

What increased metabolic demands can cause FTT?

A
  • Congenital lung disease
  • Heart disease
  • Liver disease
  • Renal disease
  • Infection
  • Anaemia
  • Inborn errors of metabolism
  • Cystic fibrosis
  • Thyroid disease
  • Crohn’s/ IBD
  • Malignancy
36
Q

What excessive nutrient loss causes of FTT are there?

A
  • Gastro oesophageal reflux
  • Pyloric stenosis
  • Gastroenteritis (post-infectious phase)
  • Malabsorption due to:
    • Food allergy
    • Persistent diarrhoea
    • Coeliac disease
    • Pancreatic insuffiency
    • Short bowel syndrome
37
Q

What non-organic causes of FTT are there?

A
  • Poverty/ socio-economic status
  • Dysfunctional family interactions (especially maternal depression or drug use)
  • Difficult parent-child interactions
  • Lack of parental support (eg, no friends, no extended family)
  • Lack of preparation for parenting/ education
  • Child neglect
  • Emotional deprivation syndrome
  • Poor feeding or feeding skills disorder
  • Feeding disorders (eg, anorexia, bulimia- later years)

Paediatrics (38 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions