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Paediatrics > Growth and Endocrine > Flashcards

Growth and Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

How should growth be measured and plotted?

A
  • Accuracy is important
  • Value of serial measurements: make every contact count
  • Different types of centile charts (UK, Boy/girl, condition specific)
  • Identify target height and mid parental height (MPH)
  • BMI
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2
Q

Growth measurement techniques

A
  • Length
  • Height
  • Sitting height
  • Head circumference (routine in <2)
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3
Q

What is important when establishing bone age?

A
  • Radiographs must be of high quality
  • Evaluation by skilled practitioner
  • Pathological conditions can distort bones
  • Severe osteopenia confuses interpretations
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4
Q

What is the Tanner method of pubertal staging?

A
  • Breast development (B) 1 to 5
  • Genital development (G) 1 to 5
  • Pubic hair (PH) 1 to 5
  • Axillary hair (AH) to 3
  • Testicular volume (T) 2ml to 20ml
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5
Q

How is testicular maturation assessed?

A

Prader orchidometer

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6
Q

Why is a precise definition of normal growth difficult to establish?

A
  • Wide range within healthy population
  • Different ethnic subgroups
  • Inequality in basic health and nutrition
  • Normality may relate to individuals or populations (genetic influence)
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7
Q

What factors influence height?

A
  • Age
  • Sex
  • Ethnicity
  • Nutrition
  • Parental heights
  • Puberty
  • Skeletal maturity (bone age)
  • General health
  • Socio-economic status
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8
Q

What hormones are involved in puberty?

A
  • Growth hormones
  • Sex hormones
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9
Q

What are the clinically most important stages in puberty?

A
  • Breast budding (Tanner stage B2) in a girl
  • Testicular enlargement (Tanner stage G2/T3-4ml)
  • These are the earliest objective signs of puberty and when present puberty will usually progress onwards
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10
Q

Growth disorders: Give examples of indications for referral

A
  • Extreme short or tall stature (off centiles)
  • Height below target height
  • Abnormal height velocity (crossing centiles)
  • History of chronic disease
  • Obvious dysmorphic syndrome
  • Early/late puberty
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11
Q

What are common causes of short stature

A
  • Familial
  • Constitutional
  • SGA/IUGR (Small for gestational age)
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12
Q

What are the pathological causes of short stature?

A
  • Undernutrition
  • Chronic illness (JCA, IBD, Coeliac)
  • Iatrogenic (steroids)
  • Psychological and social
  • Hormonal (GHD, hypothyroidism)
  • Syndromes (Turner, Prader Willi)
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13
Q

Precocious puberty

A

Precocious puberty is defined as the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics before the age of 8 years in girls and 9 years in boys.

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14
Q

Delayed puberty

A
  • Boys have no signs of testicular development by 14 years of age
  • Girls have not started to develop breasts by 13 years of age, or have developed breats but their periods have not started by 15
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15
Q

Who does constitutional delay of growth usually affect?

A
  • Boys
    • particularly those with a family history (dad and brothers, though may difficult to obtain)
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16
Q

Why does constitutional delay of growth occur?

A

There is bone age delay

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17
Q

Give examples of causes of delated puberty

A
  • Gonadal dysgenesis (Turner 45X, Klinefelter 47XXY)
  • Chronic disease (Crohn’s, asthma)
  • Impaired HPG (hypothalamic pituitary gonadal) axis (septo-optic dysplasia, craniopharyngioma, Kallman’s syndrome)
  • Peripheral (cryptorchidism, testicular irradiation)
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18
Q

What does central precocious puberty present with?

A
  • Breast development in girls
  • Testicular enlargement in boys
  • Growth spurt
  • Advanced bone age
19
Q

What causes central precocious puberty?

A
  • Usually idiopathic in girls but pituitary imaging (MRI) should be done
  • Underlying cause i.e. pituitary lesion
20
Q

How is central precocious puberty treated?

A

GnRH analogue therapy

21
Q

How should you manage the new-born with ambiguous genitalia?

A
  • Do not guess the sex of the baby
  • Multidisciplinary approach (paediatrics, endocrine, surgery, neonatologist, geneticist, psychologist)
  • Exam: gonads?/internal organs
  • Karyotype
  • Exclude congenital adrenal hyperplasia (Risk of adrenal crisis in first 2 weeks of life)
22
Q

How many births are affected by congenital hypothyroidism?

A

1 in 4000

23
Q

What causes congenital hypothyroidism?

A
  • Athyreosis/hypoplastic/ectopic
  • Dyshormonogenic
24
Q

When should treatment for congenital hypothyroidism be started?

A

New born screening followed by commencement of treatment within the first 2 weeks

25
Q

What is the most common cause of acquired hypothyroidism?

A

Autoimmune (Hashimoto’s) thyroiditis

26
Q

What issues does acquired hypothyroidism present with in childhood?

A
  • Lack of height gain
  • Pubertal delay (or precocity)
  • Poor school performance (but work steadily)
27
Q

How many children are overweight or obese?

A

Nearly a third (31%) of children aged 2-15 are overweight or obese

28
Q

Define overweight

A
  • BMI 25-30
  • BMI>85th centile or SD >1.04
29
Q

Define obese

A
  • BMI >30
  • BMI>97.5th centile or SD >2
30
Q

How should an individual be assessed for obesity?

A
  • Weight
  • Height
  • Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2)
  • Waist circumference
  • Skin folds
  • History and examination
31
Q

What is important when examining someone when assessing their obesity?

A
  • Dark velvet rash indicative of diabetes
  • Goitre
  • BP
  • Imaging of pituitary
32
Q

Give examples of obesity complications.

A
  • Fatty liver disease (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis) -Gallstones -Reproductive dysfunction (e.g. PCOS) Pancreatitis -Central hypoventilation -Obstructive sleep apnoea -Gastroesophageal reflux disease -Orthopaedic problems (slipped capital femoral epiphysis, tibia vara)
33
Q

What can obesity be caused by?

A
  • Simple obesity
  • Drugs
  • Syndromes
  • Endocrine disorders
  • Hypothalamic damage
34
Q

What drugs can cause obesity?

A
  • Insulin
  • Steroids
  • Antithyroid drugs
  • Sodium valproate
35
Q

What syndromes can cause obesity?

A
  • Prader Willi syndrome
  • Laurence-Moon Biedl syndrome
  • Pseudohypoparathyroidism type I
  • Down’s syndrome
36
Q

What endocrine disorders can cause obesity?

A
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Growth hormone deficiency
  • Glucocorticoid excess
  • Hypothalamic lesion (tumour/trauma/infection)
  • Androgen excess
  • Insulinoma
  • Insulin resistance syndromes
  • Leptin deficiency
37
Q

What is the treatment for obesity?

A
  • Diet
  • Exercise
  • Psychological input
  • Rarely drugs
  • Surgery
38
Q

What is the most common cause of obesity?

A
  • Simple obesity
    • Increased intake
    • Decreased activity
39
Q

How is an early diagnosis of T1DM made in children?

A

THINK symptoms

  • Thirsty
  • Thinner
  • Tired
  • Toilet more often
40
Q

What additional symptoms are there in children under 5 with T1DM?

A
  • Heavier than usual nappies
  • Blurred vision
  • Candidiasis (oral, vulval)
  • Constipation
  • Recurring skin infections
  • Irritability, behaviour change
41
Q

What is a red flag symptom for T1DM in a child who is toilet trained?

A

A return to bedwetting or day wetting in a previously dry child is a red flag symptom for diabetes

42
Q

What should you do if a child presents with suspected T1DM?

A
  • Test immediately
  • Finger prick capillary glucose test. If result >11mmol/l then diabetes, if <11mmol/l other cause
43
Q

What should you if a child with suspected T1DM finger prick test is over 11mmol/l?

A
  • Telephone urgently
  • Contact your local specialist team for a same day review
  • DKA can occur very quickly in children
  • If in any doubt about a diagnosis of type I diabetes call for advice
  • Don’t delay the diagnosis
44
Q

What are the symptoms of DKA?

A
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Abdominal pain
  • Sweet smelling ‘ketotic’ breath
  • Drowsiness
  • Kussmaul breathing
  • Coma

Paediatrics (38 decks)

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