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Y3 Reproductive > Neonatology > Flashcards

Neonatology Flashcards

1
Q

Define preterm

A

Birth at less than 37 weeks gestation

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2
Q

How many weeks gestation is post-term? And what is the management of this?

A

> 42 weeks

IOL

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3
Q

Define low birth weight

A

Birth wt <2.5kg regardless of gestation

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4
Q

Define large birth weight

A

> 4.0kg

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5
Q

How many weeks gestation is extremely preterm?

A

23 - 27+6

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6
Q

How many weeks gestation is very preterm?

A

28 - 31+6

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7
Q

What is the risk in meconium aspiration?

A

Neonatal sepsis

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8
Q

What are the benefits of skin: skin contact?

A

Prevents hypothermia and increases breastfeeding success

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9
Q

What is the name of the condition that occurs when fetal lung fluid is retained?

A

Transient tachypnoea of the newborn

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10
Q

What is the Mx of transient tachypnoea of the newborn?

A

Resolves over 24hr

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11
Q

Why are premature babies at risk of hypoglycaemia?

A

Less glycogen stores

Surface area : body ratio

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12
Q

Vitamin K deficiency can cause what neonatal condition?

A

Haemorrhagic disease of the newborn

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13
Q

“Epicanthal folds, small eye openings, flat midface, upturned short nose, no philtrum, thin upper lip, low nasal bridge, minor ear anomalies, short palpebral fissures” is the presentation of what condition?

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome

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14
Q

What neonatal condition occurs when fetal circulation persists, causing a L>R shunt?

A

Persistent pulmonary HTN of newborn

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15
Q

“Thick RV, pulmonary stenosis, VSD, aorta connected to both ventricles” describes what condition?

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

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16
Q

“Abdominal contents (bowel) in thoracic cavity” describes what condition?

A

Diaphragmatic hernia

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17
Q

What is Potter’s syndrome

A

Bilateral renal agenesis; causing oligohydramnio (no amniotic fluid)

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18
Q

What is microcephaly?

A

Small head circumference

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19
Q

What condition is being described?

  • Severe abdo swelling
  • Swollen liver
  • Aetiology is rhesus disease or chromosomal
A

Hydrops fetalis

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20
Q

How does jejunal atresia present?

A

Bile stained vomit, initially keen to feed, abdo distends with time

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21
Q

What is seen on AXR in jejunal atresia?

A

Very distended prox bowel

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22
Q

What is the management of jejunal atresia?

A

Surgical

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23
Q

An absent groin crease in a neonatal male is suspicious of?

A

Hernia

Scrotum also asymmetric

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24
Q

What is the management of neonatal hernia?

A

Surgical

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25
Q

How does meconium ileus present?

A

Big doughy abdo, vomiting, meconium delay

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26
Q

What condition is meconium ileus associated with?

A

CF

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27
Q

What is seen on AXR with lower GI contrast in meconium ileus?

A

Soap sign

Small bowel distended with meconium (contrast doesn’t get that far)

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28
Q

What is the management of meconium ileus?

A

Surgical

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29
Q

How does malrotation present?

A

Green vomiting

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30
Q

What is seen on AXR with upper GI contrast in malrotation?

A

Low duodenal flexure + high caecum

Due to twisted bowel

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31
Q

What is the management of malrotation?

A

Surgical

32
Q

What is the mechanism in necrotizing enterocolitis?

A

Prem baby with immature bowel given milk, perforation, bowel wall infection

33
Q

What is seen on AXR in necrotizing enterocolitis NEC?

A

Mottled appearance

34
Q

What is the Mx of NEC?

A

Surgical

35
Q

Is low or high BMI of the mother a RF for preterm labour?

A

Low

36
Q

What is the commonest cause of preterm labour?

A

Spontaneous

37
Q

What is percentage of preterm births are planned C-sections?

A

25%

38
Q

Is metabolic rate higher or lower than normal in a preterm baby?

A

Lower

39
Q

Should breastfeeding be done in very preterm babies?

A

No, collect mum’s expression and freeze it for later

40
Q

Pre and postal ductal saturations are measured in preterm babies to check for what condition?

A

Patent ductus arteriosus

41
Q

Which bacteria are the commonest cause of early onset neonatal sepsis (when the bacteria is acquired during delivery)

A

GBS group B strep and gram -ves

42
Q

Which bacteria are the commonest cause of late onset neonatal sepsis (when the bacteria is acquired post delivery)

A

Coag -ve staph, gram -ve, s. aureus

43
Q

What is the pathology between respiratory distress syndrome?

A

Surfactant deficient

44
Q

How does RDS present?

A

Tachypnoea, grunt, intercostal recession, nasal flaring, cyanosis, worsens

45
Q

What is seen on CXR in RDS?

A

Ground glass appearance

46
Q

What is the Mx of RDS?

A

CCS, ventilate

47
Q

What is a normal birth weight?

A

2.5 - 4 kg

48
Q

When is the neonatal period?

A

0 - 28 days

49
Q

What colour is normal meconium?

A

Black

50
Q

When should meconium normally occur

A

1st 24 hours

51
Q

What is a normal HR of the newborn?

A

120 - 140

52
Q

What is a normal RR of the newborn?

A

40 - 60

53
Q

What does the ductus arteriosus become?

A

Ligamentum arteriosus

54
Q

What does the ductus venosus become?

A

Ligamentum teres

55
Q

Shortly following birth, what causes alveolar expansion in the newborn’s lungs?

A

Their 1st breath

56
Q

What effect does the newborn taking its first breath have on pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance?

A

Pulmonary resistance drops

Systemic resistance raises

57
Q

What circulating substance contributes to the closure of the foramen ovale?

A

Prostaglandins

58
Q

Can babies shiver?

A

No

59
Q

How do newborns produce heat?

A

Non shivering homeostasis
Catecholamines brown fat breakdown
Peripheral vasoconstriction

60
Q

_____ homeostasis is maintained in the newborn by metabolising glycogen stores for _____

A

GLUCOSE homeostasis is maintained in the newborn by metabolising glycogen stores for GLUCONEOGENESIS

61
Q

What is the name of the first milk produced?

A

Colostrum

62
Q

What reflex is involved in milk expulsion?

A

Milk let down reflex

Also sucking and root reflexes in the neonate

63
Q

What are foremilk and hindmilk composed of?

A

Foremilk protein

Hindmilk fat

64
Q

In newborns, the increased 2,3DPG shifts the oxygen dissociation curve in what direction?

A

Right

65
Q

Is physiological jaundice conjugated or unconjugated bilirubin?

A

Unconjugated

66
Q

What is the function of Apgar scores?

A

Measure perinatal adaptation

67
Q

What is a normal and a maximum Apgar score?

A

Normal >8

Maximum 10

68
Q

What are the 5 domains in Apgar scoring?

A 
Colour
HR
RR
Tone
Grimace reflex irritability
69
Q

What are the options for colour in Apgar scores?

A

0 blue/pale
1 extremities blue/body pink
2 no cyanosis

70
Q

What are the options for RR in Apgar scores?

A

0 none
1 weak / irregular / gasp
2 good cry

71
Q

What are the options for HR in Apgar scores?

A

0 absent
1 <100
2 >100

72
Q

What are the options for tone in Apgar scores?

A

0 none
1 some flexion
2 flexed + resist extension

73
Q

What are the options for grimace reflex irritability in Apgar scores?

A

0 no response
1 grimace / weak cry
2 cry / pull away / cough / sneeze

74
Q

What is the rooting reflex?

A

Turn face and suck when stroke lip/cheek

75
Q

What is the Moro reflex?

A

When the baby feels like its falling, it spreads its arms and cries

76
Q

How are metabolic diseases screen for in newborns?

A

Heal prick blood test

77
Q

What forms of screening do newborns receive?

A

Heal prick blood test
Newborn examination
Hearing test
US hip

Y3 Reproductive (28 decks)

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