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Y3 Reproductive > Female Gynae Physiology > Flashcards

Female Gynae Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main parts of the ovary?

A

Inner medulla

Outer cortex

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2
Q

What part of the ovary contains the follicles?

A

Inner medulla

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3
Q

What is the function of the ovaries?

A

Oogenesis and steroid hormone production

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4
Q

What hormones are produced by ovaries?

A

Estrogens, progestogens

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5
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

Ovum production

ovum female gamete

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6
Q

What type of epithelium lines ovaries?

A

Single layer cuboidal cells

germinal epithelium

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7
Q

What type of epithelium lines the ampulla?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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8
Q

What type of epithelium lines the isthmus?

A

Secretory epithelium

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9
Q

What type of epithelium lines the uterus?

A

Secretory mucosa

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10
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus?

A

Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium

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11
Q

What is the myometrium composed of?

A

Smooth muscle

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12
Q

What is the perimetrium composed of?

A

Loose connective tissue

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13
Q

What are the 2 layers of endometrium?

A

Superficial stratum functionalis

Deep stratum basilis

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14
Q

What type of epithelium lines the cervix?

A

Simple columnar epithelium with secretory mucous endocervical glands

(then transition zone)

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15
Q

What type of epithelium lines the vagina?

A

Stratified squamous

no glands

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16
Q

Is the vagina keratinized?

A

From hymen outwards

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17
Q

What is the clitoris composed of?

A

Corpora cavernosa X2

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18
Q

What type of epithelium lines the labia minora?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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19
Q

What type of epithelium lines the labia majora?

A

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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20
Q

What type of glands are found in the labia majora?

A

Apocrine glands

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21
Q

What type of glands are found in the labia minora?

A

Sebaceous glands

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22
Q

What is the name of the fat pad superficial to the pubis symphysis?

A

Mons pubis

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23
Q

What is menarche?

A

1st period

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24
Q

What triggers menarche?

A

Increasing GnRH

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25
Q

What age range does menarche occcur in?

A

10-16yr

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26
Q

What 2 cycles compose the menstrual cycle?

A

Ovarian and uterine cycle

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27
Q

How long does an average menstrual cycle last and how long is the range thats considered normal?

A

28day

21-35day

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28
Q

What day of the menstrual cycle does ovulation occur on?

A

Day 14

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29
Q

What are the 2 phases of the ovarian cycle and how long do they last?

A

Follicular phase day 1-14

Luteal phase day 14-28

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30
Q

Define menopause?

A

Last ever period

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31
Q

What is the average age of menopause?

A

51 years

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32
Q

At what age is early (premature) menopause?

A

<45 years

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33
Q

At what age is late menopause?

A

> 54 years

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34
Q

What is the term given to the S+S associated with the menopause?

A

Climacteric period

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35
Q

Name iatrogenic causes of premature menopause?

A

Radiotherapy / chemotherapy

Oophorectomy

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36
Q

Name a chromosomal cause of premature menopause?

A

Turners synd

Primary amenorrhea never had a period

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37
Q

What is the medical term for hot flushes? How long is a hot flush?

A

Vasomotor symptoms

3-5 minutes

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38
Q

What psychiatric symptoms are normal in the menopause?

A 
Mood swings
Forgetful
Insomnia
Irritable 
Anxiety
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39
Q

What investigations can be done to confirm menopause?

A

Serum FSH and LH 6 weeks apart

Since pulsatile secretion, vary with menstrual cycle and drugs

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40
Q

What is the Mx options for menorrhagia for a PTx undergoing ‘the change’?

A

Mefenamic acid + tranexamic acid in menses
Ablation

(Others)

41
Q

What hormones are in HRT?

A

E + P

42
Q

HRT is often prescribed to relieve what symptom of the climacteric period?

A

Vasomotor symptoms

43
Q

What effect does HRT have on breast cancer?

A

Increases risk

44
Q

What effect does HRT have on bowel cancer?

A

Decreases risk

45
Q

What effect does HRT have on VTE?

A

Increases risk

46
Q

What effect does HRT have on OP?

A

Decreases risk

47
Q

Why is HRT not only estrogen?

A

Increases risk endometrial cancer

48
Q

What are the Mx options for vaginal atrophy due to menopause?

A

Regelle / Yes vag moisturiser

Sylk lubricant

49
Q

FINISH INSERTING THE MENSTRUAL

A

CYCLE

50
Q

What are the 2 phases of the uterine cycle and how long do they last?

A

Proliferative phase day 0 - 14

Secretory phase day 14 - 28

51
Q

When in the menstrual cycle does menstruation occur?

A

Day 1 - 5

May last 4 - 6 days

52
Q

What is the normal volume of blood lost in the menses?

A

Less than 80 mls

53
Q

Menstruation occurs when levels of _____ decrease

A

Progesterone

54
Q

In oligomenorrhea, the _____ phase varies in length, the ______ phase is always 14 days

A

In oligomenorrhea, the FOLLICULAR phase varies in length, the LUTEAL / SECRETORY phase is always 14 days - DOUBLE CHECK THIS WITH SOMEONE ELSE

55
Q

What cell type is sensitive to LH?

A

Theca cells

56
Q

What cell type is sensitive to FSH?

A

Granulosa cells

57
Q

Wha is the function of theca cells?

A

Stimulates pregenolone conversion to androgen by DHEA enzyme

58
Q

What is the function of granulosa cells?

A

Produce aromatase which converts androgens to estrogens

Also secrete inhibin

59
Q

What hormone is responsible for female secondary sexual characteristics?

A

Estrogen

60
Q

What effect does estrogen have on LH?

A

Positive feedback

61
Q

What effect does estrogen have on FSH?

A

Negative feedback

62
Q

What effect does estrogen have on PRL?

A

Negative feedback

63
Q

What effect does estrogen have on the endometrium?

A

Causes proliferation

64
Q

What effect does estrogen have on cervical mucus?

A

Make it fertile

65
Q

Where is progesterone produced?

A

Adrenals and placenta

66
Q

What effect does progesterone have on LH?

A

Negative feedback

67
Q

What effect does progesterone have on FSH?

A

Negative feedback

68
Q

GO AND LEARN THE GRAPH OF THE HORMONES IN THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

A

DO IT

69
Q

______ primary oocytes are present in ______ at birth

A

1,000,000 primary oocytes are present in OVARIAN FOLLICLES at birth

70
Q

Primary oocytes are arrested in _____ until sexual maturity

A

Meiosis 1

71
Q

What is a primordial follicle?

A

Primary oocyte + 1 layer granulosa cells

72
Q

What hormone stimulates the development of the primordial follicle?

A

FSH

73
Q

On what day of the ovarian cycle is the primordial follicle present?

A

Day 0

74
Q

What does the primordial follicle become?

A

Primary follicle

75
Q

Roughly how many primary follicles are present at the beginning of 1 ovarian cycle?

A

20

76
Q

How does a primary follicle differ from a primordial follicle?

A 
Primary oocyte 
\+ 
More than 1 layer of granulosa cells 
\+
Zona pellucida
77
Q

The zona pellicuda is between the egg and the granulosa cells in the primary follicle. T or F

A

True

78
Q

What does the primary follicle become?

A

Secondary follicle
AKA
Late primary follicle

79
Q

How does a secondary / late primary follicle differ from a primary follicle?

A

Fluid vesicles form between granulosa cells

Theca interna and externa form

80
Q

What is the function of the theca interna?

A

Secretes an estrogen precursor

Which granulosa cells convert to estrogen

81
Q

What does the secondary / late primary follicle become?

A

Mature Graafian follicle

82
Q

When is meiosis 1 complete?

A

When mature Graafian follicle is formed

83
Q

On what day of the ovarian cycle is the secondary oocyte produced?

A

Day 13

84
Q

What happens to the follicle for the secondary oocyte to be released? On what day of the ovarian cycle does this occur?

A

Ruptures

Day 14

85
Q

After the mature follicle releases the secondary oocyte, what happens to the other follicles?

A

Undergo atresia

86
Q

What is the trigger for follicle rupture and the release of the secondary oocyte?

A

LH surge

87
Q

In the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle, LH stimulates _____ cells to form the _____

A

In the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle, LH stimulates GRANULOSA cells to form the CORPUS LUTEUM

88
Q

If fertilisation doesn’t occur, what happens to the corpus luteum?

A

Becomes the corpus albicans

Via apoptosis luteolysis

89
Q

If fertilisation occurs, what is the function of the corpus luteum?

A

Theca cells secrete progesterone

90
Q

If fertilisation occurs, the placenta secretes what hormone to prevent the degeneration of the corpus lutuem?

A

HCG

91
Q

What layer of the endometrium is the shed during menstruation?

A

Stratum functionalis

92
Q

What process prevents scar formation during menstruation?

A

Fibrinolysis

93
Q

What is the main hormone of the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?

A

Estrogen

94
Q

What is the main hormone of the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?

A

Progesterone

95
Q

What layer of the endometrium does estrogen stimulate the proliferation of in the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?

A

Stratum basalis

96
Q

What is the endocervical gland secretion like during the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle? What is the function of this?

A

Thin watery secretion

For sperm passage

97
Q

What layer of the endometrium does progesterone increase the thickness of in the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?

A

Stratum functionalis

98
Q

What happens to the endocervical glands during the secretory phase of the uterine cycle? What is the function of this?

A

Glands become corkscrewed
Thick viscous secretion
Prevents sperm / pathogen passage

Y3 Reproductive (28 decks)

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