Anatomy Lecture 6 Urinary Continence

Question 1

What separates the pelvic cavity from the perineum?

Answer 1

Pelvic floor

Question 2

Name the compartments of the pelvic floor, from superior to inferior

Answer 2

Pelvic diaphragm
Muscles of perineal pouches
Perineal membranes

Question 3

What does the pelvic diaphragm consist of?

Answer 3

Levator ani and coccygeus muscle groups

Question 4

What does the appearance of the pelvic diaphragm resemble?

Answer 4

A sling

Question 5

Where is the urogenital hiatus in relation to the pelvic diaphragm?

Answer 5

In the gap medial to its 2 anterior attachments

Question 6

What does the urogenital hiatus contain?

Answer 6

Urethra and vagina

Question 7

What forms the majority of the pelvic diaphragm?

Answer 7

Levator ani

Question 8

Name the 3 parts of the levator ani

Answer 8

Puborectalis
Pubococcygeus
Iliococcygeus

Question 9

When is the levator ani contracted?

Answer 9

Tonically contracted most of the time

Question 10

When is the levator ani relaxed?

Answer 10

Defecation and urination

Question 11

What is the nerve innervation to levator ani?

Answer 11

Pudendal nerve (S2, 3, 4)
Nerve to levator ani

Question 12

What ‘packs’ the spaces deep to the pelvic diaphragm?

Answer 12

Endo-pelvic fascia

Question 13

Name the 4 pelvic ligaments that provide support to pelvic organs

Answer 13

Uterosacral
Transverse cervical
Lateral ligament of bladder
Lateral rectal ligaments

Question 14

What lies below the fascia covering the inferior aspect of the pelvic diaphragm?

Answer 14

Deep perineal pouch

Question 15

What structure lies above the perineal membrane?

Answer 15

Deep perineal pouch

Question 16

The deep perineal pouch contains the bulbourethral glands in males and Bartholin’s glands in females. T or F

Answer 16

False, doesn’t contain Bartholin’s glands in females

Question 17

Where is the deep perineal pouch in relation to levator ani?

Answer 17

Inferior

Question 18

What is the perineal membrane formed of?

Answer 18

Thin sheet of tough, deep fascia

Question 19

What are the lateral attachments of the perineal membrane?

Answer 19

Sides of the pubic arch

Question 20

What structure lies below the perineal membrane?

Answer 20

Superficial perineal pouch

Question 21

What are the contents of the superficial perineal pouch in males?

Answer 21

Root of the penis
Spongy urethra
Superficial transverse perineal muscle
Branches of pudendal nerve
Blood vessels

Question 22

What part of the root of the penis contains the corpus spongiosum?

Answer 22

Bulb

Question 23

What part of the root of the penis contains the corpus cavernosum?

Answer 23

Crura

Question 24

What muscle covers the crura of the penis?

Answer 24

Ischiocavernosus

Question 25

What muscle covers the bulb of the penis?

Answer 25

Bulbospongiosus

Question 26

What muscles are contained in the superficial perineal pouch in males and females?

Answer 26

Superficial transverse perineal muscle
Bulbospongiosus
Ischiocavernosus

Question 27

The pelvic floor ______ when couching, sneezing or vomiting

Answer 27

actively contracts

Question 28

What do the external urethral sphincter, compressor urethrae and levator ani have in common?

Answer 28

All function of maintain urinary continence

Question 29

How does the pelvic floor maintain fecal continence?

Answer 29

Puborectalis tonically contracted and shaped like a sling wrapped around the rectum

Question 30

What do pregnancy, childbirth, chronic constipation, heavy lifting, obesity, chronic cough and menopause have in common?

Answer 30

Injury to pelvic floor

Question 31

How is uterine prolapse categorised?

Answer 31

1st, 2nd or 3rd degree

Question 32

Fixation of which ligament just medial to the ischial spine is a surgical option for managing prolapse?

Answer 32

Sacrospinous ligament

sacrospinous fixation

Question 33

What structures are at risk of injury in sacrospinous fixation?

Answer 33

Pudendal NVB

Sciatic nerve