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ACVM Parasitology Boards > Nematodes (Spirurida and Enoplida) > Flashcards

Nematodes (Spirurida and Enoplida) Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the life cycle of Dracunculus insignis.

A
  • Parasite of the SQ tissues
  • Female is very large (up to 120 cm)
  • Male is smaller (40 mm)
  • When the female is fertilized the anus and vulva atrophy and a shallow ulcer is formed in the host skin at the location anterior to the worm
  • When the ulcer becomes wet she prolapses her uterus and expels larvae into water
  • PPP= 1 year
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2
Q

What are the IH, DH, and paratenic hosts of Drancunculus insignia?

A

DH: Raccoon* and other carnivores

IH: Cyclops (copepod)

PH: Frogs

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3
Q

Nodular stomach worms that have donut-shaped anterior end that is covered in spines

A

Gnathostoma spinigerium (Asia)

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4
Q

Describe the life cycle of Gnathostoma spp, including DH IH, and Paratenic host

A
  • Adults are found in cystic nodules in the stomach
  • Eggs are passed in 1 or 2 stage cells and develop to L2 in the water
  • DH: Dogs and cats
  • IH: Copepod (Cyclops) L3
  • Paratenic: Amphibians, snakes, fish
  • Migration of larvae causes a lot of damage
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5
Q

Describe the life cycle of Physaloptera spp.

A
  • Parasites of the stomach of carnivores
  • Mouth is flanked by pseudolabia and surrounded by a cuticular collar
  • Adults are white or pink in color
  • Live with the anterior end embedded in the mucosa
  • Cause vomiting
  • Life cycle:
    • Female worms lay small, thick-walled eggs. Larvae in the eggs will develop to the infective stage in various dung beetles crickets and other insects
    • Various cold-blooded animals are paratenic
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6
Q

What are the treatment options of Physalptera in dogs and cats?

A

50 mg/kg fenbendazole x 3 days (dogs)

0.2 mg/kg ivermectin (cats)

5 mg/kg pyrantel pamoate X2 doses 3 weeks apart

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7
Q

This parasite is found in the esophagus and rumen of cattle, other ungulates, and occasionally bears and pigs

A

Gonglyonema pulchrum- esophagus

Gonglyonema verrucosum- rumen

Usually harmless creatures

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8
Q

Describe the life cycle of Spirocera lupi, including hosts.

A

DH: Canids

IH: Dung beetles

Paratenic: Lizards, chickens, mice

When a dog ingests L3 they migrate to the adventitia of the visceral arteries and aorta to the walls of the esophagus & stomach

Ectopic nodules communicate with the lumen in the wall of the esophagus and/or stomach

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9
Q

What is the treatment of Spirocera lupi in dogs?

A

Milbemycin oxime (day 0, 7, and 28 days)

  • Nodule disappeared between 95-186 days
  • After no eggs seen after day 31 of the first treatment
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10
Q

What drug combination is used for the prevention of Spirocera lupi?

A

Milbemycin oxime + praziquantel monthly prevent 90% (Interceptor Plus)

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11
Q

What are the 3 most common stomach worms of horses in the USA?

A

Draschia megastoma, Habronema muscae, Habronema microstoma

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12
Q

Describe the life cycle of Habronema and Drashia spp.

A
  • Larvae hatch from tiny eggs soon after they are laid; larvae or eggs present in feces
  • Larvae are ingested by maggots and develop to L3 in 1 weeks
  • IH: Musca domestica
    • Habronema muscae
    • Draschia megastoma
  • IH: Stomoxys calcitrans
    • Habronema microstoma
  • Infective larvae accumulate in the labium
  • When a fly lands on a warm moist surface, the larvae dispel
  • Muzzle, ocular conjunctiva, cutaneous wounds
  • Larvae are ingested and develop to adults in the stomach
  • Those that enter through cutaneous lesions and form local granulomas
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13
Q

What is the treatment for Habronema and Draschia?

A

Ivermectin and Moxidectin

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14
Q

Where are the adult located in Pneumospirura sp. (canids)?

A

Parasites of the lungs

Superfamily Thelaziodea

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15
Q

Where do the adult nematodes reside in Metathelazia in canids?

A

Lungs

Superfamily Thelaziodea

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16
Q

What is the DH of Thelazia lachrymalis?

A

Horse

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17
Q

What are the DH of Thelazia skrjabini?

A

Horses and cattle

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18
Q

What is the DH of Thelazia gulsosa?

A

Cattle

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19
Q

What is the DH of Thelazia californiensis?

A

Dogs, sheep, and wild mammals

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20
Q

What is the IH for Thelazia sp. found in North America?

Outside North America in Japanese cattle?

A

North America: Musca autumnalis (Face fly)

Outside North America: Oriental face fly (Musca hervi)

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21
Q

What are the DH and I for Thelazia callipaeda in China and Italy?

A

DH: Human and Canines

IH: Fruit flies (Phortica and Amiota)

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22
Q

What are the IH for Thelazia californiensis?

A

Latrine flies; Fannia canicularis and Fannia benjamini

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23
Q

What are the treatments of Thelazia in cattle?

A

Doramectin 0.2 mg/kg SQ or IM

Tetramisole SQ 12.5-15 mg/kg

Levamisole 5mg/kg SQ or 1% aqueous solution

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24
Q

What are the treatments for Thelazia in dogs?

A

0.2 mg/kg Ivermectin SQ

1-2 drops moxidectin 1% OU

Topical moxidectin with imidacloprid (Advantage Multi)

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25
Q

Describe the life cycle of Dirofilaria immitus including with the IH

A
  • Live in the pulmonary arteries
  • Adults live up to 5 years
  • 1/2 species in North America can transmit
  • Larval development (L3) occurs in the Malpighian tubule before migrating to the salivary glands
  • Molt to L4 (1.5 mm) 3 days after the bite and remain in the SQ and muscles of the abdomen or thorax for serval months
  • Molt to L5 2-3 months after infection
  • L5 migrate to pulmonary arteries by venous circulation (12-15 mm long)
  • After reaching the right side of the heart the L5 (20-400 mm)mature and produce L1 6-9 months after infection
  • 85-120 days after infection the are 3.2-11 cm
  • Fertilized females occur 120 days post-infection, contain fully developed larvae 6 months after infection
  • PPP=6-9 mths
  • Microfilaria can live for up to 2.5 years
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26
Q

What parasite causes ocular and dermal dirofilariasis in Eurasia and Africa?

What are the DH and IH?

A

Dirofilaria repens

DH: Dogs

IH: Mosquitoes

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27
Q

What is the DH, IH of Oncocera cervicalis?

A

DH: Horses

IH: Culicoides

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28
Q

What is the difference in the location of adult versus microfilariae of Oncocerca cervicalis?

A

Adults: Deep connective tissue of nuchal ligament

Microfilariae: migrate throughout the SQ tissue of the dermis and connective tissue, including ocular conjunctiva

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29
Q

What is the treatment for Oncocera cervicalis?

A

Ivermectin IM- side effect is dying larvae can cause edema

Moxidectin

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30
Q

What is the DH and IH hosts of Oncocerca gutturosa?

A

DH: Cattle

IH: Simulium (Black flies) and Culicoides

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31
Q

What is the difference in the location of adult versus microfilariae of Oncocerca gutturosa?

A

Adults: Nuchal ligament

Microfilariae: dermis

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32
Q

What are the DH and IH are Onchocera lupi?

Where are the adults found?

A

DH: dogs

IH: Simulium tribulatum (black fly)

Adults are found in pea-sized subconjunctival granulomas or cysts in periocular tissue (SW USA)

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33
Q

What are the DH and IH for Onchocera lienalis?

A

DH: Cattle

IH: Simulium (Black fly) and Culicoides

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34
Q

What is the difference in location of the adults versus the microfilariae in Onchocera lienalis?

A

Adults: Connective tissue between spleen and rumen

Microfilariae: Dermis

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35
Q

What are the DH and IH of Acanthocheilonema reconditum?

A

DH: Dogs

IH: Flea; C. felis and amblyceran louse (Heterodoxus spiniger)

36
Q

Where are the adults versus the microfilariae found with Acanthocheilonema reconditum?

A

Adults: SQ and fascia

Microfilariae: Circulating in blood

Often mistaken for D. immitus

37
Q

What are the DH and IH of Acanthocheilonema dracunculoides?

What geographic regions are these nematodes found in?

A

DH: Canids

IH: Louse flies (Hippobosca longipennis, related to sheep keds) or Brown dog tick

Region: Africa, S. Europe, and Asia

38
Q

Where are the adults versus microfilariae located for Acanthocheilonema dracunculoides?

A

Adults: Peritoneal cavity

Microfilariae: Circulating in the blood

39
Q

What are the DH and IH for Cercopithifilaria grassii and C. bainae (Europe)?

A

DH : Dogs, but has a wide host range (baboon, bovids, opossum, porcupine, and rabbits

IH: R. sanguineus

40
Q

Where are the adults and microfilariae found in Cercopithifilaria grassii and C. bainae?

A

Adults and microfilariae: skin

41
Q

What are the DH and IH for Elaeophora spp?

Where are the adults and microfilaria found?

What geographic regions of the USA are these nematodes found?

A

DH: cervids and sheep

IH: Tabanids

Adults: arteries

Microfilariae: Dermis

exudative dermatitis with crust formation on the polls and faces of sheep sent to summer in altitudes >6000 feet in NM, AZ, and CO

42
Q

What are the DH and IH of Setaria labiatopapillosa?

Where are the adults versus microfilariae found?

A

DH: Cattle

IH: Mosquitoes

Adults: Peritoneum

Microfilariae: Blood

43
Q

What are the DH and IH of Setaria equina?

Where are the adults versus microfilariae found?

A

DH: Horse

IH: Mosquitoes

Adults: Peritoneal cavity

Microfilariae: Blood

44
Q

What are the DH and IH of Parafilaria multipapillosa?

Where are adults and microfilariae found?

A

DH: Horses

IH: Haematotobia atripalpais

Adults: SQ and IM connective tissues in pea-sized nodules

Microfilariae: Eggs and microfilariae found in bleeding diathesis but never in circulation

45
Q

What are the DH and IH of Parafilaria bovicola?

Where are adults and microfilariae found?

A

DH: Cattle

IH: Musca lusoria, Musca fasciata, and a third as yet undescribed Musca spp.

Adults in the SQ and IM tissue

Microfilariae and eggs in bleeding diathesis

46
Q

What are the DH and IH of Stephanofilaria stilesi?

Where are the adults and larvae found?

A

DH: Cattle

IH: horn fly, Haematobia irritans

Adult and L1 are small and found in dermatitis lesions on the ventral abdomen of cattle

47
Q

What nematode causes humpsores in cattle of India?

A

Stephanofilaria assamensis

48
Q

Describe the life cycle, including hosts, of Dioctophyme renale

A
  • DH: Dogs
  • IH: earthworm
  • PH: Fish and frogs
    • Eggs are passed in the urine in one or two cell stages
    • They develop in the water to L1 in a month or longer
    • Larvated eggs (L1) are infective to oligochaete worms (earthworms)
    • In the oligochaete worms that develop to L3 is the tissues
    • Paratenic hosts: fish, frogs (do not undergo larval development in these hosts, L3 encyst)
    • If a dog ingests an oligochaete worm, it will undergo the entire life cycle
    • Right kidney or pelvis
49
Q

What is the DH of Trichinella spiralis?

A

Pigs

50
Q

What are the DH of Trichinella navita?

A

Artic species, bears

Can withstand freezing

51
Q

Where is Trichinella nelsoni found?

A

sub-Saharan Africa

52
Q

Where is Trichinella britovi found?

A

Euasia and N. Africa

53
Q

Where is Trichinella murrelli found?

A

Neartic south of T. navita- North America to Mexico

54
Q

Where is Trichinella patagoniesis found?

A

South America

55
Q

Which species of Trichinella remain encapsulated in muscles fibers (nurse cell)?

A

Trichinella spiralis (pigs)

Trichinella navita (artic species (bears), can withstand freezing)

Trichinella nelsoni (sub-Saharan Africa)

Trichinella britovi (Euasia and N. Africa)

Trichinella murrelli (Neartic south of T. navita- North America to Mexico)

Trichinella patagoniensis (South America)

56
Q

What are the hosts for Trichinella psuedospiralis?

A

Birds and mammals (unencapsulated)

57
Q

What are the hosts for Trichinella zimbabwensis?

A

Repltiles and mammals (unencapsulated)

58
Q

What are the hosts for Trichinella papulae?

A

Reptiles and mammals (unencapulated)

59
Q

Describe the life cycle of Trichinella spiralis

A
  • Larvae (L1) are found encysted in the tissue (striated muscle) and adults inhabit the GI tract
  • L1 are liberated from tissue cysts by stomach juices, invade intestinal mucosa
  • Both sexes reach sexual maturity in 2 days after infective meat is eaten 5 day post-infection, viviparous females give birth to prelarvae which enter the lymphatics and later the bloodstream to be transported to the muscle (image below of Knotts tets with prelarvae)
  • When they first enter the striated muscle, they lie parallel to the long axes of the fiber and are easily overlooked
  • After 2-3 weeks, they have completely develop to L1s and curl up in nurse cell
  • Over time these cells will calcify
60
Q

What is the treatment for Trichinella spiralis?

A

Albendazole

61
Q

What are the 3 species of Trichuris that infect cats?

A

Trichuris felis

Trichuris campanula

Trichuris serrata

62
Q

What species of Trichuris infects young cattle?

A

Trichuris discolor

63
Q

What species of Trichuris infects young swine?

A

Trichuris suis

64
Q

What is the treatment for Trichuris discolor in cattle?

A

Ivermectin, eprinomectin, doramectin

65
Q

What is the treatment for Trichuris in sheep?

A

Ivermectin

66
Q

What is the treatment for Trichuris suis?

A

Dichlorvos and Fenbendazole

67
Q

What is the treatment for Trichuris vulpis?

A

Fenbendazole repeated monthly for 3 months

Milbemycin oxime

Febantel (within Drontal Plus)

Moxidectin

68
Q

What is the treatment for Trichuris in cats?

A

No approved drugs, but possibly fenbental and fenbendazole

69
Q

Where are E. boehmi adults located?

What is the DH?

What does the egg look like?

A

Location: Nasal capillariasis

DH: Foxes, dogs (canids)

The surface of E. bohemi egg is dented like a thimble and E. aerophilus is a network of anastomosing ridges; asymmetric bi-polar plugs

70
Q

Where are Eucoleus aerophilus adults located?

What is the DH and facultative IH?

What does the egg look like?

A

Adults live in the bronci

DH: Dogs, cats, foxes

Asymmetric bi-polar plugs, the surface of E. bohemi egg is dented like a thimble and E. aerophilus is a network if anastomosing ridges

71
Q

What is the treatment for Eucoleus aerophilus in cats?

A

Topical moxidectin & imidacloprid (Advantage Multi)

72
Q

What is the treatment for Eucoleus boehmi?

A

Single-dose of ivermectin

Imidacloprid with moxidectin

73
Q

What is the DH of Calodium hepaticum?

Where do the adults live?

A

Liver of rats, muskrats, woodchucks, wide range of other hosts including humans

Eggs deposited by females become lodged in hepatic tissue

74
Q

Where are the adults for Aonchotheca putorii found?

What are the DH for this nematode?

A

Small intestine of bears, hedgehogs, raccoons, swine, bobcats, various mustelids, and sometimes domestic cats

Cause no harm, but eggs resemble other capillarids in cats that are pathogenic

75
Q

Where do the adults of Pearsonema plica reside?

What are the definitive and intermediate hosts?

A

Bladder

DH: Canids (dogs, fox, wolf)

IH: Earthworm

76
Q

What is the treatment for Pearsonema plica?

A

Ivermectin

77
Q

What is the DH for Pearsonema felsicati?

Where does this nematode reside?

A

Urinary bladder of cats

78
Q

What is the treatment for Pearsonema felsicati?

A

Fenbendazole

79
Q

Where do the adult nematodes reside with Trichosomoides crassicauda?

What is the DH?

Treatment?

A

Urinary bladder of rats

Fun fact: Male lives inside the uterus of it mate

Ivermectin

80
Q

Where do you find the adults of Anatrchosoma spp found in;

African monkey?

Virginia opossum?

A

Monkeys: Stratified squamous epithelium

Opposum: buccal mucosa

81
Q

Where do the adults of Anatrichosoma cutaneum reside?

What is the DH?

A

SQ nodules and edema about the joints of the extremities and serpiginous blisters of the palms and soles of monkeys

Looks like CLM of Ancylostoma

82
Q

Describe the life cycle of Acanthocephala?

A

When an egg is laid, it contains a fully developed acanthor

If the egg is ingested by a suitable arthropod IH, the acanthor develops through an acanthella stage into encysted larvae called a cystacanth

Cystacanths can re-encyst in a wide variety of vertebrate paratenic hosts

Frequently, cystacanth will re-encyst in its normal definitive host

83
Q

What are the DH and IH of Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus?

Where do the adults live?

What is the treatment?

A

DH: Swine

IH (cystacanth): May beetle, dung beetles, water beetles

Treatment: No treatment is approved- Benzimidazole, Ivermectin, Doramectin

84
Q

What are the DH and IH of Macracanthorhynchus ingens?

Treatment?

A

DH: Raccoons and black bears

IH: Millipedes

Treatment: Ivermectin

85
Q

What are the DH and IH of Prosthenorchis?

Clinical signs?

Treatment?

A
  • DH: Primates
  • IH: Cockroaches and other beetles
  • Clinical signs
  • Chronic
    • watery diarrhea of several months duration with weakness and progressive emaciation
    • Appetite remains normal until the day before death
  • Acute
    • Secondary to bacterial peritonitis from penetration of proboscis
  • Treatment:
    • Fenbendazole
    • Case report of failed treatment in a white footed tamarin with ivermectin
86
Q

What are the DH and IH for Moniliformis?

A

DH: Wild rodents

IH: Cockroaches

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