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ACVM Parasitology Boards > Adult Nematode Morphology with image (strongylids) > Flashcards

Adult Nematode Morphology with image (strongylids) Flashcards

1
Q

Name the nematode…

Small, hair-like worms, (7 mm) w/o cephalic inflations (wings), and virtually no buccal capsule

Spicules are short, twisted, and pointed

A

Trichostrongylus sp.

  • Abomasa worm and 1st 6 meters of the small intestine
  • Ruminants, horses, and leporids (rabbit)
  • High host specificity
  • Commonly confused with Strongyloides and Cooperia
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2
Q

Name the nematode…

Less the 14 mm long

Brown worms in cattle

Short, broad buccal cavity

Short 2 or 3 pronged spicules

Female tail is annulated with a vulvar flap (cuticular expansion)

A

Ostertagia ostertagi

  • Live in the abomasum
  • Chronic abomasitis
  • Watery diarrhea, anemia, hypoproteinemia
  • Appetite remains intact
  • Die from malnutrition
  • Most important helminth parasite of cattle in the USA
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3
Q

Less the 14 mm long

Brown worms in ruminants

Short, broad buccal cavity

Short 2 or 3 pronged spicules

Female tail is annulated with a vulvar flap (cuticular expansion)

A

Teladorsagia spp.

  • Abomasal worm of ruminants
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4
Q

Name the nematode…

Up to 30 mm in length

Buccal cavity has a lancet

Male has asymmetric dorsal ray in its bursa and short wedge-shaped spicules

Females have a prominent vulvar flap

A

Haemonchus contortus, H. similis, and H. placei (USA)

  • Anemia
  • Can remove 1/5 of circulating RBC volume in a lamb per day
  • Non-fatal infection will lose 1/10 of blood volume per day
  • Widespread edema and bottle jaw
  • Still eating well
  • Do not lose appreciable weight
  • No diarrhea unless co-infected with another intestinal parasite
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5
Q

Pigs and ruminants

Up to 30 mm in length

Buccal cavity has a lancet

Male has asymmetric dorsal ray in its bursa and short wedge-shaped spicules. Spicules are long and thin

Females have a prominent vulvar flap and close to anus

A

Mecistocirrus sp.

  • Haemonchus contortus of pigs and ruminants in Central America, India, and Far East
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6
Q

Name the nematode…

Less than 9 mm long

Small intestine

Cuticle of the mouth is striated and slightly inflated

Buccal cavity is small

Spicules are shorts and blunted

Bursa- dorsal ray is lyre-shaped (harp)

A

Copperia oncophora- confused with Trichostrongylus and Strongyloides

Cooperia punctata

Most prevalent parasite in USA in cow/calf operations

Most infection asymptomatic

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7
Q

Name the nematode…

  • 25m in length (similar size to Haemonchus)
  • Cuticle of the mouth is striated like Cooperia
  • Has a dorsal triangular tooth
  • Neck is usually coiled
  • Spicules are long and thin
  • Uterus has very large eggs
  • Female has a spine at the tip of her tail
A

Nematodirus spathiger, N. filicollis, N. battus, and N. helvetianus (USA)

  • The dorsal triangular tooth differentiates it from Cooperia
  • Nematodirus battus-Very restricted seasonal terrible diarrhea in lambs
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8
Q

Name the nematode…

  • Stomach parasite of pig, dog, cat (domestic and wild)
  • <1 mm, detected on biopsy
  • Chronic gastritis
  • Ovoviviparous
  • Autoinfection from ingestion of larvae in vomit
A

Ollulanus tricuspis

  • Chronic gastritis in cats
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9
Q

Name the nematode…

  • 80 mm, white worms of ruminants and horses
  • Buccal cavity is small
  • Bursa is reduced
  • Spicules are short, dark, and granular
  • Vulva is near the middle of the body
  • Eggs contain first stage larvae when laid (vermiform embryo), but usually hatches before it is eliminated in the feces
A

Dictyocaulus viviparous (cattle)

Dictyocaulus filaria (sheep)

Dictiocaulus arnfeldi (equids)

  • Respiratory tract nematodes
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10
Q

Equine

A

Strongylus vulgaris

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11
Q

Equine

A

Strongylus equinus

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12
Q

Equine

A

Strongylus edentatus

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13
Q

Equine

A

Triodontophorus brevicala

(Large strongyle)

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14
Q

Equine

A

Tridontophorus serratus

(Large strongyle)

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15
Q

Equine

A

Oesophagodontus robustus

(Large strongyle)

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16
Q

Equine

A

Tridontophorus nipponicus

(Large strongyle)

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17
Q

Equine

A

Tridontophorus tenuicollis

(Large strongyle)

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18
Q

Equine

A

Gyalocephalus capitatus

(Large strongyle)

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19
Q

Equine

A

Coronocyclus coronatum

(Cyanthostominae)

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20
Q

Equine

A

Cyathostomum catinatum

(Cyanthostominae)

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21
Q

Equine

A

Cyanthostomum tetracanthum

(Cyanthostominae)

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22
Q

Equine

A

Coronocyclus labiatus

(Cyanthostominae)

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23
Q

Equine

A

Coronocyclus labratus

(Cyanthostiminae)

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24
Q

Equine

A

Cylicostephanus goldi

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25
Q

Equine

A

Cyincostephanus asymetricus

(Cyanthostominae)

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26
Q

Equine

A

Cylicostephanus bidentatus

(Cyanthostominae)

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27
Q

Equine

A

Craterostomum acuticaudatum

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28
Q

Equine

A

Cylicocyclus calicatus

(Cyanthostominae)

29
Q

Equine

A

Cylicostephanus miniutus

(Cyanthostominae)

30
Q

Equine

A

Cylicostephanus longibursatus

(Cyanthostominae)

31
Q

Equine

A

Cylicocyclus nassatus

(Cyanthostominae)

32
Q

Equine

A

Cylicocyclus ashworthi

(Cyanthostominae)

33
Q

Equine

A

Cylicocyclus leptostomum

(Cyanthostominae)

34
Q

Equine

A

Cylicocyclus elongatus

(Cyanthostominae)

35
Q

Equine

A

Cylicocyclus ashworthi

(Cyanthostominae)

36
Q

Equine

A

Cylicocyclus ultrajectinus

(Cyanthostominae)

37
Q

Equine

A

Poteriostomum imparidentatum

(Cyanthostominae)

38
Q

Equine

A

Poteriostomum ratzii

(Cyanthostominae)

39
Q

Equine

A

Parapoteriostomum mettami

(Cyanthostominae)

40
Q

Equine

A

Cylicodonotophorus bicoronatus

(Cyanthostominae)

41
Q

Equine

A

Parapoteriostomum euprotus

(Cyanthostominae)

42
Q

Equine

A

Cyanthostomum pateratum

43
Q

Equine

A

Cylinocyclus auriculatus

(Cyanthostominae)

44
Q

Equine

A

Petrovinema poculatum

(Cyanthostominae)

45
Q

Equine

A

Cylicocyclus radiatus

(Cyanthostominae)

46
Q

Equine

A

Cylicocyclus brevicapsulatus

(Cyanthostominae)

47
Q

Large intestinal nematode of ruminants

A

Oesophagostomum columbianum

“Large intestine nodular worm”

48
Q

Large intestinal nematode of ruminants

A

Charbertia ovina

“Nodular worms of large intestine”

49
Q

Name the nematode…

  • Kidney worm of swine
  • Stout (2-40mm) parasite in the hepatic, renal, and perirenal tissues, axial musculature, and spinal canal of pigs and sometimes cattle
  • Buccal cavity is cup-shaped with 6-10 triangular teeth at its base
  • Gut is convoluted
  • Spicules are equal and short
  • Bursa is reduced
  • IH: Earthworms (facultative) or direct by L3
A

Stephanurus dentatus

(Kidney worm of swine)

50
Q

Small intestine of ruminants

A

Bunostomum spp.

51
Q

Small intestinal nematode of dogs

A

Ancylostoma caninum

(Subfamily Ancylostomatinae)

52
Q

Small intestinal nematode of dogs

A

Uncinaria stenocephala

(Subfamily Ancylostomatinae)

53
Q

Small intestinal nematode of cats

A

Ancylostoma tubaeforme

(Subfamily Ancylostomatinae)

54
Q

Small intestinal nematode of raccoons

A

Placoconus lotoris

(Subfamily Ancylostomatinae)

55
Q

Describe the life cycle and clinical sign of peracute hookworm infection in the neonate

A
  • Passage of L3 from dam to puppy during nursing
  • Look good week one and then look like garbage on week 2
  • Pale mucosa, soft to liquid diarrhea that is dark in color from blood
  • Do not lay eggs until 16th day of infection
    • May need to rely on coproantigen for detection
  • Guarded to poor px
  • Treatment
    • Blood transfusion to keep puppies alive enough for drugs to kick in
    • Administer anthelminthic at first signs of anemia
    • Begin HWP in bitches as near birth as possible
    • Treat with pyrantel until can begin labeled hookworm treatments
    • Bitches can be treated with 50mg/kg of fenbendazole from day 40 of gestation to 14th day of lactation
56
Q

Describe the life cycle and clinical signs of acute hookworm disease

A
  • Occurs from sudden exposure of susceptible older ups to large numbers of infective larvae
  • Many eggs are found in the feces
  • Clinical signs precede eggs by 4 days
57
Q

Describe the life cycle and clinical signs of chronic compensated hookworm disease

A
  • No clinical signs
  • Diagnosis is from the presence of hookworms eggs in feces and measurable reduction of RBCs count, Hb and PCV
58
Q

Describe the life cycle and clinical signs with Secondary (decompensated) hookworm disease

A
  • Older dogs
  • Profound anemia is a malnourished or emaciated animal
  • Hookworms are a secondary problem especially with malnutrition
  • Anthelminthic require appropriate protein concentration
59
Q
  • Large white worms of the bronchi and bronchioles of swine
  • Passed larvated eggs (L1)
  • IH: Earthworms
    • May not be an obligate IH
  • Treatment
    • Doramectin, ivermectin levamisole, fenbendazole
A

Metastrongylus spp.

60
Q
  • Lives in the smaller bronchioles of sheep and goats
  • Males are brownish red and can be distinguished from D. filaria by longer comb-like spicules
  • Treat: Fenbendazole
A

Protostrongylus rufescens

61
Q

Tiny, embedded in the lung tissue or reactive nodules of sheep and goats

Diagnosed via L1 on Baermann

Treatment

Moxidectin inj (sheep)

Topical eprinomectin (goats)

A

Muellerius capillaris

62
Q
  • Well developed bursa with large dorsal ray
  • Cuticle has lots of crenated folds (looks spiked or wrinkly)
  • <16 mm long
  • Found in the bronchioles and bronchi of foxes, wolves, raccoon, and dogs
A

Crenosoma vulpis

63
Q

What is the life cycle and treatment of Alerostrongylus abstrusus?

A

Oviparious and deposit eggs in “nests” in the lung parenchyma of domestic cats

  • Males have stout spicules
  • L1 carried up the bronchial tree
  • Find L1 at 5-6 weeks after infection; Baermann or ZincSO4
  • IH: Snail and slugs (2-5 weeks to develop to L3)
  • Paratenic host: Mice and birds
  • Treatment-
    • Ivermectin
    • Fenbendazole
64
Q

What is the life cycle of Angiostrongylus vasorum?

A
  • L1 shed in feces and resemble A. abstrusus
  • IH: wide range of molluskan
  • After eating molluskan (L3) the larvae migrate to visceral lymph nodes
  • Molt in LN and migrate to the lungs and pulmonary arteries
  • PPP: 7 weeks
  • Diagnostics: Baermann, fecal float, Ag and Ab ELISA, qPCR
65
Q

What is the life cycle of Angiostrongylus cantonensis?

A
  • L1 shed in the feces of rats and invade molluskan
  • Rats eat L3 in IH and make their way to the brain of the rat
  • Then molt and enter a vein to be carried to the heart and pulmonary arteries
  • Paratenic host: crustaceans and amphibian
  • Importance
    • If humans ingest snails the worms migrate to the brain causing eosinophilic meningitis and encephalomyelitis
  • IH: Giant African Snail (Achatina fulica)
  • 1/4 of rats in Baton Rouge are infected
  • Treatment:
    • None
66
Q

What is the life cycle of Angiostrongylus costaricensis?

A

Rodents in Central and South America

L1 in feces

IH: snails

Clinical signs in people for ingestion of L3 in snails

Lower right abdominal pain, fever, and vomiting

67
Q

What is the life cycle and treatment of Filaroides osleri?

A
  • Nodules in the trachea and bronchi
  • Females deposit delicate eggs with L1 that hatch before being defecated out
  • L1’s are directly infective and all 5 stages mature in the lungs
  • Can detect nodules at 2month
  • Find L1 with ZnSO4 at 6-7 months post-infection
  • Successful treatment
    • The disappearance of cough and air hunger with exercise
    • Resolution of nodules on the scope
    • No larvae in poop
    • Treatment: fenbendazole, ivermectin, and doramectin
68
Q

What is the life cycle and treatment of Filaroides hirthi?

A
  • L1 is infective
  • L1s arrive in the lungs 6 hours after oral ingestion and travel by way of hepatic portal circulation and mesenteric drainage or both
  • Find L1 in fecal float 32-35 days post-infection
  • Treatment
    • 25 mg/kg albendazole x 5d

ACVM Parasitology Boards (20 decks)

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