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ACVM Parasitology Boards > Insecticides > Flashcards

Insecticides Flashcards

1
Q

Rotenone

A

Origin: Derris root, cube root, and other leguminous scrubs

MOA: Inhibits mitochondrial respiratory systems

Use: Ear mites in dogs, cats, rabbits; shampoo for Demodex (dogs and cats); piscicide (fish killer)

Adverse effects: Confusion, cough, Gi signs in people Associated with Parkinson’s

Examples: Goodwinol ointment

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2
Q

Limonene

A

Origin: cyclic turpentine from citrus fruit

Use: Marketed as a non-toxic, natural flea and tick spray

Adverse effects: Mainly in cats

Examples: Sentry natural defenses brand household spray

Non-toxic and non-carcinogenic

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3
Q

Pyrethrins

A

Origin: Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium

MOA: affecting voltage-gated sodium channels and the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated chloride channels in nerve membranes, thus disrupting neurotransmission

Use: arthropods

Adverse effects: Should not be used in puppies and kittens under 4 months of age or suckling

Examples: Adam’s flea and tick dip

Typically used with a synergistic compound such as piperonyl butoxide, or N-octyl bicycloheptene dicarboximide (MGK 264)

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4
Q

Pyrethroids

A

General category for all 5 generations of pyrethoroids

Origin: synthetic pyrethrin-like substances

MOA: work at the voltage-gated sodium channel and the GABA-gated chloride channels leading to paralysis

Use: Arthopods

Adverse effects: Toxic to fish

Other: Work best at lower temperatures

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5
Q

Allethrin

A

Origin: First-gen pyrethroids, similar potency and stability to natural pyrethrins

MOA: work at the voltage-gated sodium channel and the GABA-gated chloride channels (neurotoxic)

Use: Arthropods (fleas/ticks)

Adverse effects: Low toxicity; Not mutagenic, carcinogenic, or embryogenic

Examples: Hartz Ultraguard Plus Flea & Tick Shamposo

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6
Q

Phenothrin

A

Origin: 2nd gen synthetic pyrethroid

MOA: work at the voltage-gated sodium channel and the GABA-gated chloride channels (neutrotoxic)

Use: Flea/tick

Adverse effects: Can cause death in cats; only use in a dogs/cat >12 weeks

Examples: Hartz K9 Flea and tick spot on

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7
Q

Tetramethrin

A

Origin: 2n gen pyrethroid

MOA: work at the voltage-gated sodium channel and the GABA-gated chloride channels (neurotoxic)

Use: Sprays and foggers for horse (insects)

Adverse effects: Toxic to bees; skin and eye irritant

Examples: Absorbine ultrashield red insecticide and repellant

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8
Q

Esfenvalerate

A

Origin: 3rd gen pyrethroids

MOA: work at the voltage-gated sodium channel and the GABA-gated chloride channels

Use: Fogger and spray for house, kennel, and yard

Adverse effects: highly toxic to fish and bees; not found to be carcinogenic or genotoxic to rodents; red skin on contact with human skin

Examples: Sergeant’s Household Flea and Tick Spray

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9
Q

Permethrin

A

Origin: 3rd gen pyrethroid

MOA: work at the voltage-gated sodium channel and the GABA-gated chloride channels

Use: rapid knockdown on a wide variety of insects; spot on, clothing impregnant, spray, shampoo, ear tags for fleas, ticks, and lice

Adverse effects: Toxic to fish; Cats exposed to permethrin may develop hyperexcitability, depression, ataxia, vomiting, anorexia, tremors, convulsions, or death

Examples: Buzz off insect shield, Prozap insecterin dust, Proticall insecticide for digs

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10
Q

Cyflurin

A

Origin: 4th gen pyrethroid

MOA:

Use: Powder, dust, pour on for insects and spiders. Treatment of beef/dairy, including lactating, cattle for horn flies, biting and sucking lice

Adverse effects:

Examples: Tempo 20 WP Insecticide and Tempo 1% dust insecticide

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11
Q

Cypermethrin/zeta-cypermethrin

A

Origin: 4th gen pyrethroids

MOA: voltage-gated sodium channel and the GABA-gated chloride channels

Use: Spray, lotion, roll-on. Fly control in horses; horse, face, house, stable, horn, deer flies, gnats, and mosquitoes

Ear tag (and dust zeta) for cattle

Adverse effects:

Examples: Absorbine Ultrasheild Sport Insecticide and repellent

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12
Q

Deltamethrin

A

Origin: 4th gen pyrethroid

MOA: voltage-gated sodium channel and the GABA-gated chloride channels

Use: water-resistant flea and tick collar in dogs and Leish in Europe (prevents sandfly bites)

Examples: Activyl protector band for dog, scalibor protector band for dogs

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13
Q

Lambda-cyhalothrin

A

Origin: 4th gen pyrethroid

MOA: voltage-gated sodium channel and the GABA-gated chloride channels

Use: insect control around livestock housing; alone or often combined with piperinyl butoxide as a pour on for beef cattel and calves for lice and horn flies

Ear tag has organophosphate for horn and face flies (beef cattle and calves, non-lactating dairy cattle and calves

Examples: DOUBLE BARREL VP INSECTICIDE EAR TAGS, GRENADE ER INSECTICIDE, SABER EXTRA INSECTICIDE EAR TAGS

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14
Q

Prallethrin

A

Origin: 4th gen pyrethroid

MOA: voltage-gated sodium channel and the GABA-gated chloride channels

Use: available as a combination product as premise and horse sprays

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15
Q

Cyphenothrin

A

Origin: fourth-generation synthetic pyrethroid

MOA: voltage-gated sodium channel and the GABA-gated chloride channels

Use: available only in combination with fipronil or pyriproxyfen in dogs

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16
Q

Flumethrin

A

Origin: 4th gen pyrethroid

MOA: voltage-gated sodium channel and the GABA-gated chloride channels

Use: Flumethrin is available in pet collars only in combination with imidacloprid

Adverse effects: mild toxicity via oral, dermal, and inhalation routes of exposure

Examples: Seresto collar for dogs and cats

Other: Has been used outside the United States as a dip or a spray to treat tick infestations on poultry, dogs, horses, and cattle

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17
Q

Beta-cyfluthrin

A

Origin: 5th gen pyrethroid

MOA: voltage-gated sodium channel and the GABA-gated chloride channels

Use: premise treatments as a concentrate and spray, ear stage for beef and dairy (including lactating) for face flies, horn flies, Gulf coast ticks, and spinose ear ticks

Adverse effects:

Examples: TEMPO SC ULTRA PEST CONTROL CONCENTRATE and TEMPO SC ULTRA PREMISE SPRAY

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18
Q

Etofenprox

A

Origin: Pyrethroid derivative

MOA: voltage-gated sodium channel and the GABA-gated chloride channels

Use: Spot on, for fleas, ticks and mosquito repellant (cats and kittens, often combined with an IGR; also used as a premise spray

Adverse effects:

Examples: Various feline Hartz products

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19
Q

Indoxacarb

A

Origin: oxadiazine

MOA: Acts on teh Na+ gated channel as a membrane depolarization resulting in excitatory neurotransmission

Use: Lepidopteran pests (butterflies and moths), only spot-on flea agent with the MOA and work currently in high flea resistant areas

Adverse effects: well tolerated

Examples: ACTIVYL FOR DOGS & PUPPIES AND ACTIVYL FOR CATS & KITTENS

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20
Q

Carbamate

A

MOA: REVERSE inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an important nervous system enzyme that inactivates synaptic acetylcholine

Use: Wide variety of insects

Adverse effects: DUMBBELS, death from respiratory failure

Reversal: Atropine

21
Q

Organophosphate

A

MOA: IRREVERSIBLE inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an important nervous system enzyme that inactivates synaptic acetylcholine

Use: Wide variety of insects

Adverse effects: DUMBBELS

Reversal: Atropine and 2-PAM

Other: Cats and young, lean animals are more susceptible to cholinesterase inhibition. Sighthounds (e.g., Greyhounds, Whippet dogs) and certain breeds of cattle (e.g., Chianina, Charolais, Gelbvieh, Simmental, Brahman) have idiosyncratic reactions to organophosphates, which are contraindicated in these breeds. Application of organophosphates to cattle currently infested with Hypoderma larvae may lead to a host-parasite reaction, resulting in bloat, salivation, ataxia, and posterior paralysis

Three main derivatives: aliphatic , phenyl, heterocyclic

22
Q

Dichlorvos

A

Origin: Organophosphate; Aliphatic derivative

MOA: Irreversible inhibition of AchE

Use: has a high vapor pressure and is great at killing insects in a closed space. Impregnated resin strip, fogger, spray for flies gnats, and mosquitoes. Often combined with pyrethrin, piperonyl butoxide, and MGK 264

Adverse effects: Dangerous, Brahman and Brahman-X may have hypersensitivity

Examples: Prozap insect guard, Super II Dairy and Farm spray

23
Q

Tetrachlorvinphos

A

Origin: Organophosphate, Phenyl derivative

MOA: Irreversible inhibition of AchE

Use: powder or dust for cattle, swine, and poultry to control flies, lice, and mites. Many sprays, powders, and collars for dogs and cats

Examples: Prozap Dust’r, Hartz products

It may be removed by EPA soon

24
Q

Chlorpyrifos

A

Origin: Organophosphate, heterocyclic derivatives

MOA: Irreversibly inhibits AchE

Use: controls mosquito larvae, fly larvae, and ant larvae. Dog dip to kill fleas, ticks, and sarcoptic mange, ear tag for beef, and non-lactating dairy cattle to control flies, lice, and ticks

Adverse effects: Persists in the environment

Examples: Happy Jack Endurancide Dip III, Y-tex Warrior Insecticide Cattle Ear tags)

25
Q

Coumaphos

A

Origin: Organophosphate, Heterocyclic derivative

MOA: Irreversible AchE inhibitor

Use: insecticide and acaricide.

  • Restricted use pesticide: 42% or 11.6%concentration for dip for scabies on cattle, spray for horn flies and lice, dip or spray to control ticks, and spray for screwworm on beef and non-lactating dairy cattle
  • 6.15% concentrate: backrubbers or beef and lactating dairy
  • 1% dust for horn flies and lice on beef and dairy, face flies on cattle, and lice in swine
  • Ear tag with diazinon for beef and non-lactating dairy for horn flies, gulf coast ticks, spinose ear ticks

Examples:

Coumaphos does not cause organophosphate-type delayed neurotoxicity and is not mutagenic or suspected to be carcinogenic in humans.

26
Q

Diazinon

A

Origin: Organophosphate, heterocyclic derivative

MOA: Irreversibly inhibits AchE

Use:

Adverse effects: Cannot use as a spray per EPA! Only available as an ear tag in beef and non-lactating dairy cattle for horn flies, lice, Gulf Coast tick, Spinose ear ticks and control of face flies, control cattle biting lice little blue (Solenopotes capillatus) cattle lice, and to aid in control of long-nosed (Linognathus vituli) and short-nosed (Haematopinus eurysternus) cattle lice

Examples: Y-Text warrior cattle ear tags

27
Q

Phosmet

A

Origin: heterocyclic organophosphate

MOA: Irreversible inhibition of AchE

Use: Sprayer of backrubber on beef and on-lactating dairy for flies, lice, Sarcoptes, and ticks; swine for lice and Sarcoptes

Adverse effects: cattle can be slaughter 3 days post tx, swine 1 day. do not apply to calves <3 mnths. Do not treat dairy 1 month prior to freshening

Examples: VET-KEM PARAMITE INSECTICIDAL SPRAY & BACKRUBBER

28
Q

Pirimiphos

A

Origin: heterocyclic organophosphate

MOA: Irreversibly inhibit AchE

Use: Ear tag for use in beef and non-lactating dairy cattle for horn flies

29
Q

Amitraz

A

Origin: formamidines

MOA: octopamine receptor agonist against insects and a MAOI inhibitor in mammals

Use: Dogs and cats as an acaricide. Topical for K9 demodex (off label), ticks, and scabies Cats-feline demadecosis (off label)

Reversal: agonist activity on alpha-2- adrenergic receptors and can use yohimbine and atipamezole to reverse

Adverse effects: Dogs-sedation*, lethargy, pruritus, bradycardia, hypothermia, hypotension, hyperglycemia, and hyperexcitability, the latter is uncommon

Examples: Mitiban, Preventic collar

30
Q

Imidacloprid

A

Origin: Neonicotinoids

MOA: binding to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR), serving as agonists and allowing influx of sodium ions, essential for insect function.

Uses:

  • Alone: Adult Fleas. Spot-on, oral formulation
  • With permethrin- Spot on fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes
  • With pyriproxfen: eggs, larvae, adult fleas and chewing lice. waterproof
  • With permethrin, pyripoxfen: fleas (all stages), lice, tick, biting flies, mosquitoes
  • With moxidectin: fleas, ear mites, rounds, hooks, HWD (cats); fleas, rounds, whips, hooks, HWD, Sarcoptes
  • Spray for control of beetles and mealworm in poultry barns

Adverse effects:

Examples: Advantus, Advantage Multi, Seresto, K9 Advantix Multi

31
Q

Dinotefuran

A

Origin: furanicotinyl, 3rd gen Neonicotinoids

MOA: binding to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR), serving as agonists and allowing influx of sodium ions

Use: Mainly fleas as spot on or collar for dogs/ cats combined with other products. (permethrin, pyriproxyfen (IGR))

Adverse effects: Low toxicity to people; dermal reaction at the application site

Examples: Vectra products

32
Q

Nitenpyram

A

Origin: neonicotinoid

MOA: nAChR-agonist

Use: Flea adulticide. Oral. Off-label for screwworm myiasis

Adverse effects:

Examples: Capstar

33
Q

Spinosad

A

Origin: Spinosyn. combination of two macrocytic lactones, not a true neonicotinoid

MOA: Targeting binding sites on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), but the site is different from neonicotinoids

Use: Flea adulticide. Chewable tablet with longer half life than nitenpyram. Australia used for blowflies and lice on sheep, and as a spray for northern fowl mite

Adverse effects: GI signs; should not use with high doses of ivermectin

Examples: Comfortis

34
Q

Benzyl benzoate

A

Origin: organic compound

MOA: Unknown

Use: Topical for sarcoptic and demodectic mange in dogs

Adverse effects: no residual effects, cannot use in puppies <12 weeks or nursing bitches. Do not use in cats

Examples: Happy Jack Sardex II

35
Q

Fipronil

A

Origin: phenylpyrazole insecticide

MOA: potent antagonist of the GABA-gated chloride channel

Use: Flea adulticide. Spray and spot on. Effective also against ticks, chewing lice, sarcoptic mange. Off-label- demodex

Adverse effects: Do not use in puppies and kittens <8 weeks

Examples: Frontline; Parastar plus, Martin’s flee plus

Resistance: KSI strain of C. felis

36
Q

Afoxolaner

A

Origin: Isoxazolines

MOA: potent inhibitors of GABA-gated and to a lesser extent glutamate-gated chloride channels, specifically NCA-II

Use: Adult fleas and ticks in dogs > 8 weeks

Extra label: sarcoptic and demodectic mange, ear mutes, Ixodes holocyclus (Australia), possibly mosquitoes

Adverse effects: do not use in dogs with a history of seizure

Examples: Nextgard chewables

37
Q

Fluralaner

A

Origin: Isoxazolines

MOA: potent inhibitors of GABA-gated and to a lesser extent glutamate-gated chloride channels, specifically NCA-II

Use: Oral and topical for dogs, and topical for cats- fleas/ticks. Administered at 8-12 week intervals (unique). Better absorbed with food.

Europe, drinking water for poultry for red poultry mites.

Adverse effects: Gi signs, hairloss with topical. Do not use in animals with a history of seizure

Examples: Bravecto, Exzolt (poultry)

Extra label: K9 Sarcoptes, K9 and feline demodex, ear mktes, K9 sucking lice, feline fur mite (Lynxacarus), Australian tick paralysis (Ixodes holocyclus), Red poultry mite and northern fowl mite

38
Q

Lotilaner

A

Origin: Isoxazolines

MOA: potent inhibitors of GABA-gated and to a lesser extent glutamate-gated chloride channels, specifically NCA-II; Pure S-enantiomer which makes it 10-100x more effective

Use: Monthly K9 chewable Flea and tick. Must be given with a meal.

Adverse effects: Do not use in K9 with seizures

Examples: Credelio

Extra-label: K9 Demodex

39
Q

Sarolaner

A

Origin: Isoxazolines

MOA: potent inhibitors of GABA-gated and to a lesser extent glutamate-gated chloride channels, specifically NCA-II; pure S-enantiomer of sarolaner

Use: Monthly chewable (K9) for fleas and ticks. Give with food

Adverse effects: Neurologic signs at overdose

Examples: Simparica

Extra label: K9 sarcoptes, demodex, ear mites, Australian paralysis tick (Ixodes holocyclus), Cayenne tick (Amblyomma cajennense). Available for cats with selemectin in Europe

40
Q

DEET

A

Origin: Repellant

Use: Mosquitoes, fleas, gnats, flies, fleas, ticks

Adverse effects: Neologic signs

Examples: No veterinary products available, but many human products

41
Q

Di-N-propyl isocinchomeronate

A

Origin: repellant (relatively safe), very common in vet products

Use: Mainly as a spray in livestock and pet products

Adverse effects: Minimal

Examples: MGK Repellant 326

42
Q

Butoxypolypropylene glycol

A

Origin: Repellant

MOA: unknown

Use: Horses, dogs, and cats as a spray directly on bedding for flying and crawling insects

Adverse effects: Not for use in food animals! Skin and eye irritation

Examples: Endure sweat-resistant fly spray, Flysect Citronella spray (no citronella in product-WTF)

43
Q

Picaridin

A

Origin: Repellant, commonly used in Europe and Australia, is approved in USA

Use: Spray for horses against flies, gnats, and chiggers

Examples: Absorbine ultrashield, centaura insect repellant

44
Q

Cyromazne

A

Origin: IGR

MOA: Only efficacious to filth flies, no effect on other beneficial insects. Blocks the formation new cuticle in the fly larvae (molting disrupter). Precise mechanism unknown

Use: Horses- feed additive pellet; chickens- feed premix, cattle, hog, poultry- liquid spray for manure

Adverse effects: Prohibited in horses intended for slaughter

Examples: Solitude IGR, Larvadex 25L, Nepoex 2SG

Resistance: Austrailia- Australian sheep blowfly (Lucilia cuprina) and UK to the house fly

45
Q

Diflubenzuron

A

Origin: IGR

MOA: inhibitor of chitin synthesis, prevents egg hatching. Does not bind to juvenile receptors

Use: Equine feed additive for stable and house flies. Feed additives for claves, dairy and beef cattle for prevention of development of house, stable, face horn flies and lice

Adverse effects: low toxicity

Examples: SimpliFly with larvastop, Equitrol II

46
Q

(S)-methoprene

A

Origin: IGR

MOA: juvenile growth regulator hormone mimic that arrests larval development

Use: Ovicidal and larvacidal for fleas

Adverse effects:

Examples: Vet-Kem Flea, Tick and Bot Spray)

Fun fact: degraded by UV light

47
Q

Pyriproxyfen

A

Origin: IGR

MOA: Juvenile hormone mimic; interferes with larval to pupal and pupal to adult molts, deadly for insect eggs

Use: Always used synergistically with other products

Examples: Nylar, Sentry Pro XFT, Sergeants Evovle

48
Q

N-octyl bicycloheptene dicarboximide (MGK 264)

A

Origin: Synergist, not toxic on its own

MOA: inhibits the microsomal detoxification of insecticides, thus maximizing their toxicity

Use: Shampoos, spot-on, dips, ointments, aerosols, sprays, and powders in dairy cattle, beef cattle, sheep, goats, horses, swine, dogs, and cats in animal quarters

49
Q

Piperonyl butoxide

A

Origin: Synergist, not toxic to insects on its own

MOA: insecticidal effect of carbamates, organophosphates, and particularly pyrethroids is boosted by piperonyl butoxide

Use: Wide variety of products

ACVM Parasitology Boards (20 decks)

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