Insecticides Flashcards
Rotenone
Origin: Derris root, cube root, and other leguminous scrubs
MOA: Inhibits mitochondrial respiratory systems
Use: Ear mites in dogs, cats, rabbits; shampoo for Demodex (dogs and cats); piscicide (fish killer)
Adverse effects: Confusion, cough, Gi signs in people Associated with Parkinson’s
Examples: Goodwinol ointment
Limonene
Origin: cyclic turpentine from citrus fruit
Use: Marketed as a non-toxic, natural flea and tick spray
Adverse effects: Mainly in cats
Examples: Sentry natural defenses brand household spray
Non-toxic and non-carcinogenic
Pyrethrins
Origin: Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium
MOA: affecting voltage-gated sodium channels and the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated chloride channels in nerve membranes, thus disrupting neurotransmission
Use: arthropods
Adverse effects: Should not be used in puppies and kittens under 4 months of age or suckling
Examples: Adam’s flea and tick dip
Typically used with a synergistic compound such as piperonyl butoxide, or N-octyl bicycloheptene dicarboximide (MGK 264)
Pyrethroids
General category for all 5 generations of pyrethoroids
Origin: synthetic pyrethrin-like substances
MOA: work at the voltage-gated sodium channel and the GABA-gated chloride channels leading to paralysis
Use: Arthopods
Adverse effects: Toxic to fish
Other: Work best at lower temperatures
Allethrin
Origin: First-gen pyrethroids, similar potency and stability to natural pyrethrins
MOA: work at the voltage-gated sodium channel and the GABA-gated chloride channels (neurotoxic)
Use: Arthropods (fleas/ticks)
Adverse effects: Low toxicity; Not mutagenic, carcinogenic, or embryogenic
Examples: Hartz Ultraguard Plus Flea & Tick Shamposo
Phenothrin
Origin: 2nd gen synthetic pyrethroid
MOA: work at the voltage-gated sodium channel and the GABA-gated chloride channels (neutrotoxic)
Use: Flea/tick
Adverse effects: Can cause death in cats; only use in a dogs/cat >12 weeks
Examples: Hartz K9 Flea and tick spot on
Tetramethrin
Origin: 2n gen pyrethroid
MOA: work at the voltage-gated sodium channel and the GABA-gated chloride channels (neurotoxic)
Use: Sprays and foggers for horse (insects)
Adverse effects: Toxic to bees; skin and eye irritant
Examples: Absorbine ultrashield red insecticide and repellant
Esfenvalerate
Origin: 3rd gen pyrethroids
MOA: work at the voltage-gated sodium channel and the GABA-gated chloride channels
Use: Fogger and spray for house, kennel, and yard
Adverse effects: highly toxic to fish and bees; not found to be carcinogenic or genotoxic to rodents; red skin on contact with human skin
Examples: Sergeant’s Household Flea and Tick Spray
Permethrin
Origin: 3rd gen pyrethroid
MOA: work at the voltage-gated sodium channel and the GABA-gated chloride channels
Use: rapid knockdown on a wide variety of insects; spot on, clothing impregnant, spray, shampoo, ear tags for fleas, ticks, and lice
Adverse effects: Toxic to fish; Cats exposed to permethrin may develop hyperexcitability, depression, ataxia, vomiting, anorexia, tremors, convulsions, or death
Examples: Buzz off insect shield, Prozap insecterin dust, Proticall insecticide for digs
Cyflurin
Origin: 4th gen pyrethroid
MOA:
Use: Powder, dust, pour on for insects and spiders. Treatment of beef/dairy, including lactating, cattle for horn flies, biting and sucking lice
Adverse effects:
Examples: Tempo 20 WP Insecticide and Tempo 1% dust insecticide
Cypermethrin/zeta-cypermethrin
Origin: 4th gen pyrethroids
MOA: voltage-gated sodium channel and the GABA-gated chloride channels
Use: Spray, lotion, roll-on. Fly control in horses; horse, face, house, stable, horn, deer flies, gnats, and mosquitoes
Ear tag (and dust zeta) for cattle
Adverse effects:
Examples: Absorbine Ultrasheild Sport Insecticide and repellent
Deltamethrin
Origin: 4th gen pyrethroid
MOA: voltage-gated sodium channel and the GABA-gated chloride channels
Use: water-resistant flea and tick collar in dogs and Leish in Europe (prevents sandfly bites)
Examples: Activyl protector band for dog, scalibor protector band for dogs
Lambda-cyhalothrin
Origin: 4th gen pyrethroid
MOA: voltage-gated sodium channel and the GABA-gated chloride channels
Use: insect control around livestock housing; alone or often combined with piperinyl butoxide as a pour on for beef cattel and calves for lice and horn flies
Ear tag has organophosphate for horn and face flies (beef cattle and calves, non-lactating dairy cattle and calves
Examples: DOUBLE BARREL VP INSECTICIDE EAR TAGS, GRENADE ER INSECTICIDE, SABER EXTRA INSECTICIDE EAR TAGS
Prallethrin
Origin: 4th gen pyrethroid
MOA: voltage-gated sodium channel and the GABA-gated chloride channels
Use: available as a combination product as premise and horse sprays
Cyphenothrin
Origin: fourth-generation synthetic pyrethroid
MOA: voltage-gated sodium channel and the GABA-gated chloride channels
Use: available only in combination with fipronil or pyriproxyfen in dogs
Flumethrin
Origin: 4th gen pyrethroid
MOA: voltage-gated sodium channel and the GABA-gated chloride channels
Use: Flumethrin is available in pet collars only in combination with imidacloprid
Adverse effects: mild toxicity via oral, dermal, and inhalation routes of exposure
Examples: Seresto collar for dogs and cats
Other: Has been used outside the United States as a dip or a spray to treat tick infestations on poultry, dogs, horses, and cattle
Beta-cyfluthrin
Origin: 5th gen pyrethroid
MOA: voltage-gated sodium channel and the GABA-gated chloride channels
Use: premise treatments as a concentrate and spray, ear stage for beef and dairy (including lactating) for face flies, horn flies, Gulf coast ticks, and spinose ear ticks
Adverse effects:
Examples: TEMPO SC ULTRA PEST CONTROL CONCENTRATE and TEMPO SC ULTRA PREMISE SPRAY
Etofenprox
Origin: Pyrethroid derivative
MOA: voltage-gated sodium channel and the GABA-gated chloride channels
Use: Spot on, for fleas, ticks and mosquito repellant (cats and kittens, often combined with an IGR; also used as a premise spray
Adverse effects:
Examples: Various feline Hartz products
Indoxacarb
Origin: oxadiazine
MOA: Acts on teh Na+ gated channel as a membrane depolarization resulting in excitatory neurotransmission
Use: Lepidopteran pests (butterflies and moths), only spot-on flea agent with the MOA and work currently in high flea resistant areas
Adverse effects: well tolerated
Examples: ACTIVYL FOR DOGS & PUPPIES AND ACTIVYL FOR CATS & KITTENS
Carbamate
MOA: REVERSE inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an important nervous system enzyme that inactivates synaptic acetylcholine
Use: Wide variety of insects
Adverse effects: DUMBBELS, death from respiratory failure
Reversal: Atropine
Organophosphate
MOA: IRREVERSIBLE inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an important nervous system enzyme that inactivates synaptic acetylcholine
Use: Wide variety of insects
Adverse effects: DUMBBELS
Reversal: Atropine and 2-PAM
Other: Cats and young, lean animals are more susceptible to cholinesterase inhibition. Sighthounds (e.g., Greyhounds, Whippet dogs) and certain breeds of cattle (e.g., Chianina, Charolais, Gelbvieh, Simmental, Brahman) have idiosyncratic reactions to organophosphates, which are contraindicated in these breeds. Application of organophosphates to cattle currently infested with Hypoderma larvae may lead to a host-parasite reaction, resulting in bloat, salivation, ataxia, and posterior paralysis
Three main derivatives: aliphatic , phenyl, heterocyclic
Dichlorvos
Origin: Organophosphate; Aliphatic derivative
MOA: Irreversible inhibition of AchE
Use: has a high vapor pressure and is great at killing insects in a closed space. Impregnated resin strip, fogger, spray for flies gnats, and mosquitoes. Often combined with pyrethrin, piperonyl butoxide, and MGK 264
Adverse effects: Dangerous, Brahman and Brahman-X may have hypersensitivity
Examples: Prozap insect guard, Super II Dairy and Farm spray
Tetrachlorvinphos
Origin: Organophosphate, Phenyl derivative
MOA: Irreversible inhibition of AchE
Use: powder or dust for cattle, swine, and poultry to control flies, lice, and mites. Many sprays, powders, and collars for dogs and cats
Examples: Prozap Dust’r, Hartz products
It may be removed by EPA soon
Chlorpyrifos
Origin: Organophosphate, heterocyclic derivatives
MOA: Irreversibly inhibits AchE
Use: controls mosquito larvae, fly larvae, and ant larvae. Dog dip to kill fleas, ticks, and sarcoptic mange, ear tag for beef, and non-lactating dairy cattle to control flies, lice, and ticks
Adverse effects: Persists in the environment
Examples: Happy Jack Endurancide Dip III, Y-tex Warrior Insecticide Cattle Ear tags)
Coumaphos
Origin: Organophosphate, Heterocyclic derivative
MOA: Irreversible AchE inhibitor
Use: insecticide and acaricide.
- Restricted use pesticide: 42% or 11.6%concentration for dip for scabies on cattle, spray for horn flies and lice, dip or spray to control ticks, and spray for screwworm on beef and non-lactating dairy cattle
- 6.15% concentrate: backrubbers or beef and lactating dairy
- 1% dust for horn flies and lice on beef and dairy, face flies on cattle, and lice in swine
- Ear tag with diazinon for beef and non-lactating dairy for horn flies, gulf coast ticks, spinose ear ticks
Examples:
Coumaphos does not cause organophosphate-type delayed neurotoxicity and is not mutagenic or suspected to be carcinogenic in humans.
Diazinon
Origin: Organophosphate, heterocyclic derivative
MOA: Irreversibly inhibits AchE
Use:
Adverse effects: Cannot use as a spray per EPA! Only available as an ear tag in beef and non-lactating dairy cattle for horn flies, lice, Gulf Coast tick, Spinose ear ticks and control of face flies, control cattle biting lice little blue (Solenopotes capillatus) cattle lice, and to aid in control of long-nosed (Linognathus vituli) and short-nosed (Haematopinus eurysternus) cattle lice
Examples: Y-Text warrior cattle ear tags
Phosmet
Origin: heterocyclic organophosphate
MOA: Irreversible inhibition of AchE
Use: Sprayer of backrubber on beef and on-lactating dairy for flies, lice, Sarcoptes, and ticks; swine for lice and Sarcoptes
Adverse effects: cattle can be slaughter 3 days post tx, swine 1 day. do not apply to calves <3 mnths. Do not treat dairy 1 month prior to freshening
Examples: VET-KEM PARAMITE INSECTICIDAL SPRAY & BACKRUBBER
Pirimiphos
Origin: heterocyclic organophosphate
MOA: Irreversibly inhibit AchE
Use: Ear tag for use in beef and non-lactating dairy cattle for horn flies
Amitraz
Origin: formamidines
MOA: octopamine receptor agonist against insects and a MAOI inhibitor in mammals
Use: Dogs and cats as an acaricide. Topical for K9 demodex (off label), ticks, and scabies Cats-feline demadecosis (off label)
Reversal: agonist activity on alpha-2- adrenergic receptors and can use yohimbine and atipamezole to reverse
Adverse effects: Dogs-sedation*, lethargy, pruritus, bradycardia, hypothermia, hypotension, hyperglycemia, and hyperexcitability, the latter is uncommon
Examples: Mitiban, Preventic collar
Imidacloprid
Origin: Neonicotinoids
MOA: binding to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR), serving as agonists and allowing influx of sodium ions, essential for insect function.
Uses:
- Alone: Adult Fleas. Spot-on, oral formulation
- With permethrin- Spot on fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes
- With pyriproxfen: eggs, larvae, adult fleas and chewing lice. waterproof
- With permethrin, pyripoxfen: fleas (all stages), lice, tick, biting flies, mosquitoes
- With moxidectin: fleas, ear mites, rounds, hooks, HWD (cats); fleas, rounds, whips, hooks, HWD, Sarcoptes
- Spray for control of beetles and mealworm in poultry barns
Adverse effects:
Examples: Advantus, Advantage Multi, Seresto, K9 Advantix Multi
Dinotefuran
Origin: furanicotinyl, 3rd gen Neonicotinoids
MOA: binding to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR), serving as agonists and allowing influx of sodium ions
Use: Mainly fleas as spot on or collar for dogs/ cats combined with other products. (permethrin, pyriproxyfen (IGR))
Adverse effects: Low toxicity to people; dermal reaction at the application site
Examples: Vectra products
Nitenpyram
Origin: neonicotinoid
MOA: nAChR-agonist
Use: Flea adulticide. Oral. Off-label for screwworm myiasis
Adverse effects:
Examples: Capstar
Spinosad
Origin: Spinosyn. combination of two macrocytic lactones, not a true neonicotinoid
MOA: Targeting binding sites on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), but the site is different from neonicotinoids
Use: Flea adulticide. Chewable tablet with longer half life than nitenpyram. Australia used for blowflies and lice on sheep, and as a spray for northern fowl mite
Adverse effects: GI signs; should not use with high doses of ivermectin
Examples: Comfortis
Benzyl benzoate
Origin: organic compound
MOA: Unknown
Use: Topical for sarcoptic and demodectic mange in dogs
Adverse effects: no residual effects, cannot use in puppies <12 weeks or nursing bitches. Do not use in cats
Examples: Happy Jack Sardex II
Fipronil
Origin: phenylpyrazole insecticide
MOA: potent antagonist of the GABA-gated chloride channel
Use: Flea adulticide. Spray and spot on. Effective also against ticks, chewing lice, sarcoptic mange. Off-label- demodex
Adverse effects: Do not use in puppies and kittens <8 weeks
Examples: Frontline; Parastar plus, Martin’s flee plus
Resistance: KSI strain of C. felis
Afoxolaner
Origin: Isoxazolines
MOA: potent inhibitors of GABA-gated and to a lesser extent glutamate-gated chloride channels, specifically NCA-II
Use: Adult fleas and ticks in dogs > 8 weeks
Extra label: sarcoptic and demodectic mange, ear mutes, Ixodes holocyclus (Australia), possibly mosquitoes
Adverse effects: do not use in dogs with a history of seizure
Examples: Nextgard chewables
Fluralaner
Origin: Isoxazolines
MOA: potent inhibitors of GABA-gated and to a lesser extent glutamate-gated chloride channels, specifically NCA-II
Use: Oral and topical for dogs, and topical for cats- fleas/ticks. Administered at 8-12 week intervals (unique). Better absorbed with food.
Europe, drinking water for poultry for red poultry mites.
Adverse effects: Gi signs, hairloss with topical. Do not use in animals with a history of seizure
Examples: Bravecto, Exzolt (poultry)
Extra label: K9 Sarcoptes, K9 and feline demodex, ear mktes, K9 sucking lice, feline fur mite (Lynxacarus), Australian tick paralysis (Ixodes holocyclus), Red poultry mite and northern fowl mite
Lotilaner
Origin: Isoxazolines
MOA: potent inhibitors of GABA-gated and to a lesser extent glutamate-gated chloride channels, specifically NCA-II; Pure S-enantiomer which makes it 10-100x more effective
Use: Monthly K9 chewable Flea and tick. Must be given with a meal.
Adverse effects: Do not use in K9 with seizures
Examples: Credelio
Extra-label: K9 Demodex
Sarolaner
Origin: Isoxazolines
MOA: potent inhibitors of GABA-gated and to a lesser extent glutamate-gated chloride channels, specifically NCA-II; pure S-enantiomer of sarolaner
Use: Monthly chewable (K9) for fleas and ticks. Give with food
Adverse effects: Neurologic signs at overdose
Examples: Simparica
Extra label: K9 sarcoptes, demodex, ear mites, Australian paralysis tick (Ixodes holocyclus), Cayenne tick (Amblyomma cajennense). Available for cats with selemectin in Europe
DEET
Origin: Repellant
Use: Mosquitoes, fleas, gnats, flies, fleas, ticks
Adverse effects: Neologic signs
Examples: No veterinary products available, but many human products
Di-N-propyl isocinchomeronate
Origin: repellant (relatively safe), very common in vet products
Use: Mainly as a spray in livestock and pet products
Adverse effects: Minimal
Examples: MGK Repellant 326
Butoxypolypropylene glycol
Origin: Repellant
MOA: unknown
Use: Horses, dogs, and cats as a spray directly on bedding for flying and crawling insects
Adverse effects: Not for use in food animals! Skin and eye irritation
Examples: Endure sweat-resistant fly spray, Flysect Citronella spray (no citronella in product-WTF)
Picaridin
Origin: Repellant, commonly used in Europe and Australia, is approved in USA
Use: Spray for horses against flies, gnats, and chiggers
Examples: Absorbine ultrashield, centaura insect repellant
Cyromazne
Origin: IGR
MOA: Only efficacious to filth flies, no effect on other beneficial insects. Blocks the formation new cuticle in the fly larvae (molting disrupter). Precise mechanism unknown
Use: Horses- feed additive pellet; chickens- feed premix, cattle, hog, poultry- liquid spray for manure
Adverse effects: Prohibited in horses intended for slaughter
Examples: Solitude IGR, Larvadex 25L, Nepoex 2SG
Resistance: Austrailia- Australian sheep blowfly (Lucilia cuprina) and UK to the house fly
Diflubenzuron
Origin: IGR
MOA: inhibitor of chitin synthesis, prevents egg hatching. Does not bind to juvenile receptors
Use: Equine feed additive for stable and house flies. Feed additives for claves, dairy and beef cattle for prevention of development of house, stable, face horn flies and lice
Adverse effects: low toxicity
Examples: SimpliFly with larvastop, Equitrol II
(S)-methoprene
Origin: IGR
MOA: juvenile growth regulator hormone mimic that arrests larval development
Use: Ovicidal and larvacidal for fleas
Adverse effects:
Examples: Vet-Kem Flea, Tick and Bot Spray)
Fun fact: degraded by UV light
Pyriproxyfen
Origin: IGR
MOA: Juvenile hormone mimic; interferes with larval to pupal and pupal to adult molts, deadly for insect eggs
Use: Always used synergistically with other products
Examples: Nylar, Sentry Pro XFT, Sergeants Evovle
N-octyl bicycloheptene dicarboximide (MGK 264)
Origin: Synergist, not toxic on its own
MOA: inhibits the microsomal detoxification of insecticides, thus maximizing their toxicity
Use: Shampoos, spot-on, dips, ointments, aerosols, sprays, and powders in dairy cattle, beef cattle, sheep, goats, horses, swine, dogs, and cats in animal quarters
Piperonyl butoxide
Origin: Synergist, not toxic to insects on its own
MOA: insecticidal effect of carbamates, organophosphates, and particularly pyrethroids is boosted by piperonyl butoxide
Use: Wide variety of products
