Antiprotozoals Flashcards

1
Q

Albendazole

A

Origin: Non-sulfonamide; benzimidazole

MOA: causes structural changes to Giardia trophozoites, including damage to the adhesive disc and the internal microtubule cytoskeleton, but not to the flagella

Protozoal activity: 50x more effective against metronidazole for Giardia

Formulations: suspension and paste for dogs, humans, mice, cattle

Adverse effects: aplastic anemia in dogs, cats, humans, do not use in pregnant animals

Examples: Valbenzen

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2
Q

Amprolium

A

Origin: Non-sulfonamide

MOA: Coccidiostatic, mimics thiamine and competes for absorption of thiamine by the parasite.

Protozoal activity: Most effective against the 1st gen schizont phase

Formulations: Cattle and poultry for Eimeria; Extralbel for dogs, sheep, swine, and goats for coccidiosis

Adverse effects: Polioenchephalomalacia in sheep, neurological signs in dogs

Fun fact: Can reverse the anti-protozoal effect by feeding excess thiamine

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3
Q

Clindamycin

A

Origin: lincosamide antibiotic

MOA: Clindamycin is metabolized in the liver and excreted primarily in the urine and bile. It acts by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial (or parasitic) ribosome and blocking peptide bond formation

Protozoal activity: Drug of choice for toxoplasmosis

Formulations: Capsule, tablets, oral suspension, and injectable

Adverse effects: GI upset, esophageal stricture from dry pilling

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4
Q

Clopidol

A

Origin: Pyridinol coccidiostat

MOA: Inhibits cytochome c respiration with no-cross resistance

Protozoal activity: acts against the sporocyst stage, allowing host cell penetration without parasite development

Formulations: Feed additive for chicken with Eimeria; Aid in the prevention of Leucocytozoon smithi in turkeys

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5
Q

Decoquinate

A

Origin: quinolone product

MOA: coccidiostat (prevention), inhibits the cytochrome c respiration (electron transport)

Protozoal activity: kills the sporozoite stage

Formulations: On-label feed additive for cattle and medicated milk replacer for goats and calves. Extra-label for adult sheep and goats, prevent relapses of Hepatozoon americanum

Adverse effects: Should not be fed to laying or breeding animals or lactating animals

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6
Q

Diclazuril

A

Origin: Triazine class antiprotozoal

MOA: targets the apicoplast (plastid body), and organelle present in the members of the Apicomplexa, mechanism poorly understood

Protozoal activity: Coccidiostat in broilers (chickens and turkeys); EPM in horses

Formulations: Medicated feed-in chickens; medicated pellets in horses

Adverse effects: Do not use in breeding turkeys. Extra-label in lambs, calves, and dogs

Examples: Clinacox, Protazil

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7
Q

Fenbendazole

A

Origin: Benzimidazole

MOA: Inhibits microtubule polymerization

Protozoal activity: Extralabel in the USA for treatment of Giardia

Formulations: paste, powder, granules

Adverse effects: Safe during pregnancy for most animals except rabbits

Examples:

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8
Q

Imidocarb

A

Origin: aromatic diamidine antiprotozoal

MOA: binds to DNA to interfere with parasite replication

Protozoal activity: Extralabel for Hepatozoon, Cytauxzoon, Equine piroplasmosis, Cattle Babesia

Formulations: SQ, IM

Adverse effects: oncogenic in rats; parasympathetic, cholinergic signs; overdose targets liver and intestines. IV injection is fatal

Examples: Imizol

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9
Q

Lasalocid

A

Origin: Ionophore

MOA: forms complexes with sodium and K+ ions. This renders the parasite membranes permeable to ions, and mitochondrial function is inhibited

Protozoal activity: targets trophozoite stages

Formulations: Mediated feeds and milk additive for cattle, rabbits, broilers, turkeys, chukars, sheep for control of coccidiosis

Adverse effects: May kill horses

Examples: Avatec, Bovatec, ProBac-C

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10
Q

Metronidazole

A

Origin: Nitroimididazole antibiotic

MOA: interacts with the protozoal DNA, in which causes loss of helical structure and strand breakage (damages DNA)

Protozoal activity: Always used off-label in animals. Broad-spectrum against Giardia, Tritrichomonads, Entamoeba (trophs), Balantidium

Formulations:

Adverse effects: Do not use in food-producing animals; Neurologic signs in dogs

Examples: Flagyl

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11
Q

Monensin

A

Origin: Ionophore, produced from the fermentation product of Streptomyces cinnamoneisis

MOA: forms ionophores with sodium and potassium in the host and in the parasite. When the parasite mitochondrial membrane is affected, it is rendered permeable to potassium and sodium ions.

Protozoal activity: Cattle: feed additive for Eimeria prevention and control; Goats: Prevention of Eimeria as feed additive; Sheep: Not approved, though widely used; Poultry: feed additive for pullets and broilers; Bobwhite quail: prevention

Formulations: Feed additive

Adverse effects: Feeding to horses and guinea fowl is fatal; do not feed to veal calves

Examples: Rumensin

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12
Q

Narasin

A

Origin: Ionophone produced by Streptomyces aureofacens

MOA: disrupts Na/ K+ ion channels

Protozoal activity: Eimeria

Formulations: Broilers- Eimeria; Swine- not labeled for coccidiostat but for weight gain

Adverse effects: no withdrawal period; concurrent use with tiamulin may decrease the efficacy. Fatal in adult turkey, horses, and ponies

Examples: Monteban 45, Skysis

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13
Q

Nicarbazin

A

Origin: Synthetic coccidiostat

MOA: unknown

Protozoal activity: Eimeria in broilers (preventive)

Formulations: Feed additive

Adverse effects: Not used in laying hens because it interferes with egg production

Examples: Nicarb 25%

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14
Q

Nicarbazin and narasin

A

Approved in the USA

Protozoal activity: Eimeria in broiler chickens only

Formulations: Fed additive

Adverse effects: Not in hot weather or within 5 days of slaughter

Examples: Maxiban 72

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15
Q

Ponazuril (toltrazuril sulfone)

A

Origin: triazine class of antiprotozoal

MOA: targets the apicoplast (plastid body), and organelle present in the members of the phylum Apicomplexa, mechanism unknown

Protozoal activity: Labelled for treatment if EPM in horses; Extra label- prevention of EPM; Coccidostat in kittens; Neosporis and toxoplasmosis in dogs; Cattel with Neosporosis; Coccidiosis in beared dragons, camelids, and rabbit; respiratory cryptosporidium in falcons

Formulations: Oral paste

Examples: Marquis

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16
Q

Robenidine

A

Origin: Synthetic coccidiostat similar to guanidine; used to treat ionophone resistant coccida

Protozoal activity: Eimeria in broilers

Formulations: Feed additive

Adverse effects: Not used in birds 5 days from slaughter

17
Q

Salinomycin

A

Origin: ionophore coccidostat from Streptomyces albus

MOA: Disrupts the Na?K ion channels

Protozoal activity: against sporozoite stage of Eimeria

Formulations: Feed additive for broilers, roasters, replacement breeders, replacement layersm pullets, and quail

Adverse effects: Should not be used in egg layer for human consumption. Fatal in adult turkeys and horses

Examples: Bio-Cox, Sacox

18
Q

Semduramicin

A

Origin: Monovalent polyether ionophore

MOA: disrupts the Na/K ion channels

Protozoal activity: Eimeria in chickens

Formulations: Feed additive in broiler

Adverse effects: Do not feed with 5 days of slaughter

Examples: Avivax II

Can use tiamulin concurrently

19
Q

Sulfadimethoxine

A

Origin: long-acting sulfonamide

MOA: competitively inhibit the dihydropteroate synthetase step in the synthesis of folic acid, which is required for the synthesis of RNA and DNA

Protozoal activity: K9, Feline, cattle, chicken and turkey coccidiosis; strangely in horses

Formulations: Injectable, liquid, tablets, powder

Adverse effects: K9 diarrhea in large doses, KCS

Examples: Albon

20
Q

Sulfadimethoxine with ormetoprim

A

Origin: Potentiated Sulfa drug

MOA: a rational combination that potentiates the action of both drugs by blocking two sequential steps in the synthesis of folic acid

Protozoal activity: Coccidia in dogs and chickens, ducks, partridges

Formulations: Tablets, water/feed additive

Adverse effects: Do not feed within 5 days of slaughter or layers

Examples: Primor

21
Q

Sulfadiazine with pyrimethamine

A

Origin: Potentiated sulfa

MOA: Folic acid inhibitor

Protozoal activity: EPM 9approved0

Formulations: oral

Adverse effects: may cause worsening neurologic function, bone marrow suppression

Examples: Rebalence

22
Q

Sulfadiazine with trimethoprim

A

Origin: Potentiated sulfa

MOA: Folic acid synthesis inhibitor

Protozoal activity: Labeled for bacterial infection in horse, off label use for coccidiosis in dogs and cats, neospora, hepatozoon, toxoplasma and pneumocystis in dogs

Formulations: Tablets, oral paste

Adverse effects: horses with marked hepatic parenchymal damage, blood dyscrasias, or previous sulfonamide sensitivity

Examples: Uniprim

23
Q

Sulfamethazine

A

Origin: Sulfa drug

MOA: Folic acid inhibitor

Protozoal activity: Coccida in chickens, swine, cattle, turkeys

Formulations: water additive or oral blolus

Adverse effects:

Examples: Sustain III bolus

24
Q

Sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim

A

Origin: Potentiated sulfa

MOA: Folic acid inhibitor

Protozoal activity: Not approved in animals, but used all the time because it is cheap. Commonly used for coccidiosis in dogs and cats

Formulations: oral tab and suspension

Adverse effects: Hypothyroid in dogs

Examples: Bactrim and Septra