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Parasitology > Nematodes of Poultry > Flashcards

Nematodes of Poultry Flashcards

1
Q

What are the nematodes in poultry?

A

*Capillaria spp
*Heterakis gallinarum
*Ascaridia galli
*Trichostrongylus tenuis
*Syngamus trachea

CHATS

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2
Q

What is the poultry gape worm?

A

*Syngamus trachea
-hookworm
-Adults in trachea - permanently paired

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3
Q

How does the gape worm cause disease? - What are the clinical signs?

A

*Mechanical blockage of trachea
-Asphyxia
-coughing
-gasping

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4
Q

What do gape worm eggs look like?

A

*80um
*Mucoid ends

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5
Q

What is the life cycle of Syngamus trachea?

A

1.Eggs released by adults and coughed up and swallowed
2. Eggs released in faeces
3. L1->L3 in egg
4. Either egg ingested, L3 ingested or transport host ingested
5.L3 migrates from SI into blood stream
6. L3 Reach lung via pulmonary capillaries
7.L3 migrate through alveoli to trachea
8.Adults develop + attach to trachea

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6
Q

What are characteristics of Capillaria spp?

A

*Very thin (capillary like) - 1-5cm long
*Found in upper digestive tract - crop + oesophagus or SI
*Barrel shaped egg with 2 mucoid plugs

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7
Q

What is the life cycle of capillaria?

A
  1. L1 develops in egg
  2. For those with indirect life cycles the intermediate host – earthworm
  3. Birds infected by ingesting earthworm
    * PPP 3-4 weeks
  4. Can be highly pathogenic, head of worm buried deep in mucosa leading to diphtheritic inflammation – sloughing of the mucosa followed by hemorrhage = Inappetence, weight loss, decrease in egg production
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8
Q

What are characteristics of Trichostrongylus tenuis?

A

*Found in caeca
*L3 = infective
*Adults burrow into caecal mucosa
= localised flattening + bleeding
=reduced body condition + weight loss

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9
Q

What is the life cycle of trichostrongylus tenuis?

A

1.eggs in faeces
2.eggs hatch + develop to L3 in faeces
3,L3 climb heather shoots + ingested by feeding grouse
4.Infective L3 move to caeca + grow into adults

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10
Q

What are the poultry ascarids? Where are they found + size?

A

*Ascaridia galli - SI + 12cm
*Heterakis gallinarum - Caeca + 1.5cm

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11
Q

What is the infective stage of Ascaridia+ Heterakis?

A

L2 - no migration

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12
Q

What protozoan can Heterakis gallinarum be a vector for>

A

Histomonas meleagridis

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13
Q

What nematodes have resistant eggs?

A

*Ascaridia
*Heterakis
*Capillaria

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14
Q

What are control measures of housed poultry for nematodes?

A

Only parasites with direct life cycle important
*Biosecurity
*Use of benzomidazoles in feed - flubendazole

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15
Q

What are control measures of outdoor reared birds for nematodes?

A

Parasites with direct + indirect lifecycle important
*Wild bird control
*Biosecurity
*BZs in feed - flubendazole
*Rotate pens between batches

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16
Q

What is Histomonas meleangridis?

A

*Highly pathogenic turkey protozoa
*Causes severe entero-hepatitis - ‘blackhead’
*High mortality
*Ameoboid with single flagellum

17
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Histomonas meleagridis? +clinical signs

A
  • Trophozoites in caecum erode caecal epithelium
  • Invade liver causing necrosis and typical (pathogneumonic) saucer-like lesions
  • Clinical signs include depression, ruffled feathers, sulphur yellow faeces
  • Cyanosis of the wattle and comb (hence blackhead)
18
Q

How is Histomonas transmitted?

A

*Transmitted in larvated eggs of Heterakis gallinarum

19
Q

What can be used to control Histomonas meleagridis?

A

*No drug options available
*Control = good biosecurity
*Control Heterakis infection - flubendazole
*Chickens = asymptomatic carriers of Histomonas = avoid rearing turkeys on ground previously used for chickens

20
Q

What is Spironucleus meleagridis?

A

*Flagellated protozoa
*Cyst = infective stage + DIRECT faeco-oral transmission

21
Q

What are the clinical signs of Spironucleosis?

A

*Acute, infectious, catarrhal enteritis in turkeys, pheasants, quail + peafowl
*Watery yellow diarrhoea
*Listless
*Weight loss
*Bulbus dilations of SI

22
Q

How is Spironucelosis diagnosed + treated?

A

*Wet prepeations of fresh faeces = show motile trophozoite + cysts
*NO TX
*Prevent by all in/all out systems + rotate pens

23
Q

What is trichomonas gallinae?

A

*Flagellated protozoa affecting pigeons, finches + birds of prey

24
Q

How does trichomonosis transmit?

A

*Consumption of infected birds
*Contaminated water
*Pigeon milk fed to young

25
Q

What are clinical signs of trichomonosis?

A

*Yellow oral canker - can grow + block oesophagus + prevent closure of mouth, lesions can extend to liver
*Acute infections - rapid disease course, cause weight loss, listlessness, death in 8-10days
*Chronic cases - may appear healthy , presence of protozoa in scrapings of mucous membranes of the throat

26
Q

How is trichomonosis controlled?

A

*Sanitation
*Biosecurity

Parasitology (25 decks)

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