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Parasitology > Hookworms + filarial nematodes > Flashcards

Hookworms + filarial nematodes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of hookworms in dogs + cats?

A
  • Uncinaria stenocephala

Ancylostoma spp.
* Ancylostoma caninum
* Ancylostoma tubaeforme

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2
Q

What is the name of hookworms in people?

A
  • Ancylostoma duodenale
  • Necator americana
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3
Q

What are features of Uncinaria stenocephala?

A
  • Dogs and foxes
  • Adult in small intestine
  • ~1cm long
  • Typical hooked appearance
  • Large buccal capsule with 2 cutting
    plates
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4
Q

What are the features of Ancylostoma caninum?

A
  • Dogs and foxes
  • Imported dogs
  • Occasional transmission in UK
  • Adult in small intestine
  • ~1cm long
  • Typical hooked appearance
  • Large buccal capsule with teeth
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5
Q

What is the primary route of infection of Uncinaria stenocephala?

A

Ingestion of L3

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6
Q

What is the pre patent period of Uncinaria stenocephala?

A

15 days

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7
Q

How long are Uncinaria stenocephala eggs in the environment?

A

4-8 days

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8
Q

How long are ancylostoma caninum eggs in the environment?

A

5-8 days

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9
Q

What is the pre patent period of ancylostoma caninum?

A

15 days

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10
Q

What hookworm can cause infection via percutaneous infection?

A

Ancylostoma caninum
-uncinaria stenocephala rarely result in infection this way

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11
Q

How does percutaneous infection occur in ancylostoma?

A

*L3 migrate via lymphatic system & blood stream to lungs (L3+L4)
*Swallowed, small intestine L4-L5

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12
Q

What can occur with Milk?

A

Ancylostoma L3 can be a reservoir of infection in bitch milk
*L3 remain dormant in subcutaneous tissues until pregnancy
*Swallowed = SI - L4-L5

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13
Q

Which hookworm can penetrate the buccal mucosa + migrate via lymphatics+ blood to lungs

A

Ancylostoma caninum

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14
Q

Which hookworm is highly pathogenic?

A

A. caninum

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15
Q

What are the consequences of U. stenocephala?

A
  • Protein losing enteropathy, (anaemia)
  • Weight loss, lethargy
  • Diarrhoea
    *Pedal dermatitis due to hypersensitivity following repeat exposure to L3
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16
Q

What are the consequences of A. caninum?

A
  • Voracious blood suckers (0.1ml blood per worm per day)
  • Severe anaemia in puppies
  • Lassitude, under weight, poor condition
  • +/- diarrhoea
17
Q

What dogs is A. caninum more common in?

A

<1y/o

18
Q

How are hookworms diagnosed?

A
  • Diagnosis based on identification of typical strongyle eggs in faeces plus clinical signs
  • History of the dog: Imported dog/has the dog travelled
19
Q

How are hookworms treated?

A
  • Benzimidazoles - fenbendazole
  • Macrocyclic lactones - moxidectin/ selamectin
  • Ivermectin is toxic in dogs – must not be prescribed
20
Q

How can you reduce the risk of hookworm infection?

A

Dry conditions
Use concrete runs instead of earth/grass

21
Q

What are examples of filarial nematodes?

A

*Dirofilaria spp. - Dog heartworm
*Onchocerca spp.
*Brugia spp.
*Wuchereria bancrofti (humans only)

22
Q

What can be said of nematodes in the order Spirurida?

A
  • Generally large (2-50cm)
  • Eggs larvate in utero or L1 are born live
  • Use invertebrates as intermediate host
  • Adults may parasitize tissues other than GI tract
23
Q

How is Dirofilaria immitis transmitted?

A

*Mosquitoes

24
Q

Where is Dirofilaria immitis a problem?

A

*Temperate + tropical climates worldwide
*Iberian peninsula, France, Italy, Eastern Europe
*Imported dogs

25
Q

How long does Dirofilaria development of L1-L3 take ina mosquito?

A

10-14days at 27*C

26
Q

How long can the dirofilaria life cycle take?

A

up to 9months

27
Q

How long are the L3, L5 (immature adult), and mature adult of dirofilaria?

A

L3 = 1.1-1.3mm
L5 Immature = 2-4cm
L5 Adult = F=30cm
=M=20cm

28
Q

What are the clinical signs of dirofilaria?

A
  • Asymptomatic in the early stages of disease
  • Disease associated with adult worms
  • Mild persistent cough and dyspnea
  • Reluctance to exercise and fatigue after moderate activity
  • Decreased appetite and weight loss.
  • Right-sided congestive heart failure
  • ascites, abdominal swelling, anorexia, death.
29
Q

How is dirofilaria diagnosed?

A

Knott test
* detects microfilariae
* ~30% of dogs and most cats are
amicrofilaraemic

Antigen test (serological assay)
* detects adult ovarian antigens
* does not detect male-only infections

Knott test and antigen test
* >7 months of age/7 months post-exposure

  • Radiography and echocardiography
  • Signs of cardiovascular dysfunction
30
Q

What is prophylaxis for dirofilaria immitis?

A
  • Macrocyclic lactones (selamectin, moxidectin, or milbemycin)
  • Once monthly for 60 days
  • Kill microfilariae, L3 and early L4 stages of heartworm
  • Typically lasts a month
31
Q

How would you treat Dirofilaria immitis?

A
  • Macrofilaricidal (adult worms) – only dogs
  • Doxycycline
    -endosymbiotic bacteria Wolbachia pipiens
  • Melarsomine (organoarsenical)
    -Only approved macrofilaricide
  • Exercise restriction 30-40 days after treatment
    -risk of pulmonary thromboembolism due to dead and dying adult worms
32
Q

What is Dirofilaria repens?

A

*Subcutaneous / ocular skinworm

33
Q

What sort of lesions does dirofilaria repens form?

A
  • Non-inflammatory subcutaneous nodules
  • Ocular lesions associated with conjunctivitis
34
Q

What is the eyeworm’s proper name?

A

*Thelazia callipaeda

35
Q

How is Thelazia callipaeda transmitted?

A

Fruit flies

36
Q

How do you treat thelazia callipaeda?

A

Moxidectin

37
Q

What does Onchocerca lupi cause?

A

Canine ocular onchocercosis

38
Q

Where are the microfilariae + adult worms?

A

Microfilariae = skin
Adult worms = nodules in episcleral tissues

39
Q

What is the pre patent period of onchocerca lupi?

A

LONG - 18months +

Parasitology (25 decks)

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