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Head and Neck System > Neck Anatomy/Physiology > Flashcards

Neck Anatomy/Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What creates the anterior border of the anterior triangle?

A

Midline of the neck

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2
Q

What creates the posterior border of the anterior triangle?

A

Anterior surface of the sternocleidomastoid

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3
Q

What creates the anterior border of the posterior triangle?

A

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

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4
Q

What creates the posterior border of the posterior triangle?

A

Anterior border of the trapezius

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5
Q

What are the contents of the anterior triangle?

A 
Common Carotid A.
External Carotid. 
Internal Carotid A.
Hypoglossal nerves
Vagus nerves
Glossopharyngeal nerves
Internal Jugular V.
Facial V.
Accessory N.
Laryngeal N.
Submandibular nodes 
Submental Nodes
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6
Q

What are the contents of the posterior triangle?

A 
Accessory N.
Occipital A.
Lymph Nodes 
Cervical Nerve Plexus 
External Jugular V.
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7
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

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8
Q

What is C1 known as?

A

Atlas

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9
Q

What is C2 known as?

A

Axis

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10
Q

How is C2 easily identifiable?

A

Odontoid process

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11
Q

What joint is found between C1 and C2?

A

Atlanto-axial joint

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12
Q

What shape is the vertebral foramen in cervical vertebrae?

A

Triangular

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13
Q

What word is used to describe the spinous processes in cervical vertebrae?

A

Bifid

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14
Q

What passes through the transverse foramen?

A

Vertebral arteries
Vein
Sympathetic nerves

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15
Q

What is the hyoid bone composed of?

A

Body
Two greater horns
Two lesser horns

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16
Q

Why is the hyoid bone unique?

A

Because it does not articulate with any other bone in the body

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17
Q

What oral and pharyngeal muscles suspend the hyoid bone in place?

A

Middle pharyngeal constrictor
Hyoglossus
Genioglossus

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18
Q

What are the suprahyoid muscles?

A

Diagastric
Mylohyoid
Stylohyoid
Geniohyoid

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19
Q

What are the infrahyoid muscles?

A

Thyrohoid
Omohyoid
Sternohyoid

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20
Q

Where does the CCA bifurcate?

A

C4

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21
Q

Which lies more laterally ICA or ECA?

A

ICA

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22
Q

Which artery supplies the face and the neck?

A

ICA

23
Q

What prevents the facial arteries from vasoconstriction?

A

Their attachments to the aponeurosis

24
Q

What does the ICA go onto supply?

A

Brain
Eyes
Forehead

25
Q

Where do the vertebral arteries arise from?

A

Subclavian arteries

26
Q

What 2 veins form the external jugular vein/?

A

Posterior auricular

Retromandibular

27
Q

Where does the EJV run?

A

Runs anteriorly to the sternocleidomastoid muscle

28
Q

Where does the EJV run into?

A

Subclavian vein

29
Q

Which compartment is the IJC contained in?

A

Carotid sheath

30
Q

With which nerve and artery does the IJV run with?

A

CCA and vagus nerve

31
Q

Does the CCA run lateral or medial to the IJV?

A

Lateral

32
Q

Which vein does the IJV drain into to form?

A

Drain into subclavian

To form brachiocephalic

33
Q

Where does the brachiocephalic vein drain into?

A

SVC

34
Q

What are the levels of the lymph nodes?

A 
I
II
III
IV 
V
VI
35
Q

What are the reasons for lymphadenopathy?

A

Infection
Inflammation
Malignancy

36
Q

Is the thyroid gland an endocrine or exocrine gland?

A

Endocrine

37
Q

What is the thyroid gland composed of?

A

2 lobes connected by isthmus

38
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A

Lowers calcium and raises phosphate

39
Q

During development where does the thyroid gland descend from?

A

Primitive pharynx

40
Q

What is distinctive about a thyroglossal cyst?

A

Moves on tongue protrusion

41
Q

What is the investigation for a thyroglossal cyst?

A

FNA

42
Q

What is a thyroglossal cyst?

A

Dilatation of thyroglossal duct remnant

43
Q

Where is the embryological region of thy thyroid?

A

Foramen caecum

44
Q

What are the causes for a solitary thyroid nodule?

A

Cyst
Adenoma
Carcinoma
Lymphoma

45
Q

What is the aetiology for thyroid cancer?

A

F>M
Middle ages
>60

46
Q

What are the 4 types of thyroid cancer?

A

Papillary
Follicular
Medullary
Anaplastic

47
Q

What are the indication for thyroidectomy?

A 
Airway obstruction 
Malignancy 
Suspected malignancy 
Thyrotoxicosis 
Cosmesis 
Retrosternal extension
48
Q

What are the complications of thyroidectomy?

A 
Bleeding 
Voice hoarseness 
Thyroid storm 
Infection 
Hypoparathyroidism 
Hypothyroidism 
Scar
49
Q

How many parathyroid glands are there?

A

4

Usually 2 pairs

50
Q

What are the 2 groups of parathyroid glands?

A

Superior parathyroid glands

Inferior parathyroid glands

51
Q

What is the function of the parathyroid glands?

A

to Regulate calcium & phosphate levels

52
Q

What measure will some surgeons take to ensure the parathyroid glands are left intact?

A

Leave the posterior part of the thyroid gland intact during a thyroidectomy

53
Q

Which structures run in the carotid sheath?

A

CCA
IJV
Vagus N

54
Q

What are the indications for a tracheostomy?

A 
Airway obstruction 
Airway protection 
Poor ventilation to reduce dead space 
Need suctioning 
Need humidification 
Need long-term care

Head and Neck System (9 decks)

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