Neck Anatomy/Physiology Flashcards
What creates the anterior border of the anterior triangle?
Midline of the neck
What creates the posterior border of the anterior triangle?
Anterior surface of the sternocleidomastoid
What creates the anterior border of the posterior triangle?
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
What creates the posterior border of the posterior triangle?
Anterior border of the trapezius
What are the contents of the anterior triangle?
Common Carotid A. External Carotid. Internal Carotid A. Hypoglossal nerves Vagus nerves Glossopharyngeal nerves Internal Jugular V. Facial V. Accessory N. Laryngeal N. Submandibular nodes Submental Nodes
What are the contents of the posterior triangle?
Accessory N. Occipital A. Lymph Nodes Cervical Nerve Plexus External Jugular V.
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
What is C1 known as?
Atlas
What is C2 known as?
Axis
How is C2 easily identifiable?
Odontoid process
What joint is found between C1 and C2?
Atlanto-axial joint
What shape is the vertebral foramen in cervical vertebrae?
Triangular
What word is used to describe the spinous processes in cervical vertebrae?
Bifid
What passes through the transverse foramen?
Vertebral arteries
Vein
Sympathetic nerves
What is the hyoid bone composed of?
Body
Two greater horns
Two lesser horns
Why is the hyoid bone unique?
Because it does not articulate with any other bone in the body
What oral and pharyngeal muscles suspend the hyoid bone in place?
Middle pharyngeal constrictor
Hyoglossus
Genioglossus
What are the suprahyoid muscles?
Diagastric
Mylohyoid
Stylohyoid
Geniohyoid
What are the infrahyoid muscles?
Thyrohoid
Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Where does the CCA bifurcate?
C4
Which lies more laterally ICA or ECA?
ICA
Which artery supplies the face and the neck?
ICA
What prevents the facial arteries from vasoconstriction?
Their attachments to the aponeurosis
What does the ICA go onto supply?
Brain
Eyes
Forehead
Where do the vertebral arteries arise from?
Subclavian arteries
What 2 veins form the external jugular vein/?
Posterior auricular
Retromandibular
Where does the EJV run?
Runs anteriorly to the sternocleidomastoid muscle
Where does the EJV run into?
Subclavian vein
Which compartment is the IJC contained in?
Carotid sheath
With which nerve and artery does the IJV run with?
CCA and vagus nerve
Does the CCA run lateral or medial to the IJV?
Lateral
Which vein does the IJV drain into to form?
Drain into subclavian
To form brachiocephalic
Where does the brachiocephalic vein drain into?
SVC
What are the levels of the lymph nodes?
I II III IV V VI
What are the reasons for lymphadenopathy?
Infection
Inflammation
Malignancy
Is the thyroid gland an endocrine or exocrine gland?
Endocrine
What is the thyroid gland composed of?
2 lobes connected by isthmus
What is the function of calcitonin?
Lowers calcium and raises phosphate
During development where does the thyroid gland descend from?
Primitive pharynx
What is distinctive about a thyroglossal cyst?
Moves on tongue protrusion
What is the investigation for a thyroglossal cyst?
FNA
What is a thyroglossal cyst?
Dilatation of thyroglossal duct remnant
Where is the embryological region of thy thyroid?
Foramen caecum
What are the causes for a solitary thyroid nodule?
Cyst
Adenoma
Carcinoma
Lymphoma
What is the aetiology for thyroid cancer?
F>M
Middle ages
>60
What are the 4 types of thyroid cancer?
Papillary
Follicular
Medullary
Anaplastic
What are the indication for thyroidectomy?
Airway obstruction Malignancy Suspected malignancy Thyrotoxicosis Cosmesis Retrosternal extension
What are the complications of thyroidectomy?
Bleeding Voice hoarseness Thyroid storm Infection Hypoparathyroidism Hypothyroidism Scar
How many parathyroid glands are there?
4
Usually 2 pairs
What are the 2 groups of parathyroid glands?
Superior parathyroid glands
Inferior parathyroid glands
What is the function of the parathyroid glands?
to Regulate calcium & phosphate levels
What measure will some surgeons take to ensure the parathyroid glands are left intact?
Leave the posterior part of the thyroid gland intact during a thyroidectomy
Which structures run in the carotid sheath?
CCA
IJV
Vagus N
What are the indications for a tracheostomy?
Airway obstruction Airway protection Poor ventilation to reduce dead space Need suctioning Need humidification Need long-term care
