Neck Anatomy/Physiology

Question 1

What creates the anterior border of the anterior triangle?

Answer 1

Midline of the neck

Question 2

What creates the posterior border of the anterior triangle?

Answer 2

Anterior surface of the sternocleidomastoid

Question 3

What creates the anterior border of the posterior triangle?

Answer 3

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

Question 4

What creates the posterior border of the posterior triangle?

Answer 4

Anterior border of the trapezius

Question 5

What are the contents of the anterior triangle?

Answer 5

Common Carotid A.
External Carotid. 
Internal Carotid A.
Hypoglossal nerves
Vagus nerves
Glossopharyngeal nerves
Internal Jugular V.
Facial V.
Accessory N.
Laryngeal N.
Submandibular nodes 
Submental Nodes

Question 6

What are the contents of the posterior triangle?

Answer 6

Accessory N.
Occipital A.
Lymph Nodes 
Cervical Nerve Plexus 
External Jugular V.

Question 7

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

Answer 7

7

Question 8

What is C1 known as?

Answer 8

Atlas

Question 9

What is C2 known as?

Answer 9

Axis

Question 10

How is C2 easily identifiable?

Answer 10

Odontoid process

Question 11

What joint is found between C1 and C2?

Answer 11

Atlanto-axial joint

Question 12

What shape is the vertebral foramen in cervical vertebrae?

Answer 12

Triangular

Question 13

What word is used to describe the spinous processes in cervical vertebrae?

Answer 13

Bifid

Question 14

What passes through the transverse foramen?

Answer 14

Vertebral arteries
Vein
Sympathetic nerves

Question 15

What is the hyoid bone composed of?

Answer 15

Body
Two greater horns
Two lesser horns

Question 16

Why is the hyoid bone unique?

Answer 16

Because it does not articulate with any other bone in the body

Question 17

What oral and pharyngeal muscles suspend the hyoid bone in place?

Answer 17

Middle pharyngeal constrictor
Hyoglossus
Genioglossus

Question 18

What are the suprahyoid muscles?

Answer 18

Diagastric
Mylohyoid
Stylohyoid
Geniohyoid

Question 19

What are the infrahyoid muscles?

Answer 19

Thyrohoid
Omohyoid
Sternohyoid

Question 20

Where does the CCA bifurcate?

Answer 20

C4

Question 21

Which lies more laterally ICA or ECA?

Answer 21

ICA

Question 22

Which artery supplies the face and the neck?

Answer 22

ICA

Question 23

What prevents the facial arteries from vasoconstriction?

Answer 23

Their attachments to the aponeurosis

Question 24

What does the ICA go onto supply?

Answer 24

Brain
Eyes
Forehead

Question 25

Where do the vertebral arteries arise from?

Answer 25

Subclavian arteries

Question 26

What 2 veins form the external jugular vein/?

Answer 26

Posterior auricular | Retromandibular

Question 27

Where does the EJV run?

Answer 27

Runs anteriorly to the sternocleidomastoid muscle

Question 28

Where does the EJV run into?

Answer 28

Subclavian vein

Question 29

Which compartment is the IJC contained in?

Answer 29

Carotid sheath

Question 30

With which nerve and artery does the IJV run with?

Answer 30

CCA and vagus nerve

Question 31

Does the CCA run lateral or medial to the IJV?

Answer 31

Lateral

Question 32

Which vein does the IJV drain into to form?

Answer 32

Drain into subclavian | To form brachiocephalic

Question 33

Where does the brachiocephalic vein drain into?

Answer 33

SVC

Question 34

What are the levels of the lymph nodes?

Answer 34

``` I II III IV V VI ```

Question 35

What are the reasons for lymphadenopathy?

Answer 35

Infection Inflammation Malignancy

Question 36

Is the thyroid gland an endocrine or exocrine gland?

Answer 36

Endocrine

Question 37

What is the thyroid gland composed of?

Answer 37

2 lobes connected by isthmus

Question 38

What is the function of calcitonin?

Answer 38

Lowers calcium and raises phosphate

Question 39

During development where does the thyroid gland descend from?

Answer 39

Primitive pharynx

Question 40

What is distinctive about a thyroglossal cyst?

Answer 40

Moves on tongue protrusion

Question 41

What is the investigation for a thyroglossal cyst?

Answer 41

FNA

Question 42

What is a thyroglossal cyst?

Answer 42

Dilatation of thyroglossal duct remnant

Question 43

Where is the embryological region of thy thyroid?

Answer 43

Foramen caecum

Question 44

What are the causes for a solitary thyroid nodule?

Answer 44

Cyst Adenoma Carcinoma Lymphoma

Question 45

What is the aetiology for thyroid cancer?

Answer 45

F>M Middle ages >60

Question 46

What are the 4 types of thyroid cancer?

Answer 46

Papillary Follicular Medullary Anaplastic

Question 47

What are the indication for thyroidectomy?

Answer 47

``` Airway obstruction Malignancy Suspected malignancy Thyrotoxicosis Cosmesis Retrosternal extension ```

Question 48

What are the complications of thyroidectomy?

Answer 48

``` Bleeding Voice hoarseness Thyroid storm Infection Hypoparathyroidism Hypothyroidism Scar ```

Question 49

How many parathyroid glands are there?

Answer 49

4 | Usually 2 pairs

Question 50

What are the 2 groups of parathyroid glands?

Answer 50

Superior parathyroid glands | Inferior parathyroid glands

Question 51

What is the function of the parathyroid glands?

Answer 51

to Regulate calcium & phosphate levels

Question 52

What measure will some surgeons take to ensure the parathyroid glands are left intact?

Answer 52

Leave the posterior part of the thyroid gland intact during a thyroidectomy

Question 53

Which structures run in the carotid sheath?

Answer 53

CCA IJV Vagus N

Question 54

What are the indications for a tracheostomy?

Answer 54

``` Airway obstruction Airway protection Poor ventilation to reduce dead space Need suctioning Need humidification Need long-term care ```