Head and Neck Anatomy Week 1 Flashcards
What 3 parts is the skull divided into?
Neuro-cranium
Facial skull
Mandible
What are the 3 parts of skull bone?
Spongy bone
Compact bone
Periosteum
Which part of the bone houses red bone marrow?
Spongy bone
Name the bones of the skull
Frontal Sphenoid Temporal Parietal Occipital Ethmoid
What type of joint is found between skull bones?
Sutures - fibrous joints
Where is the sagittal suture found?
Between the parietal bones
Where is the coronal suture found?
Between then frontal and parietal bones
Where is the lambdoid suture found?
Between the occipital and parietal bones
What is the function of facial bones?
Give attachment to muscles of the tongue, mastication and pharynx
Name the bones of the facial skeleton?
Zygomatic Maxilla Nasal Lacrimal Mandible
What are the 3 levels of the floor of the skull?
Anterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Posterior cranial fossa
Which irregular bone forms the base of the skull?
Sphenoid bone
Which parts of the sphenoid bone should you be able to identify?
Body Pituitary fossa Greater wing Lesser wing Medial and lateral pterygoid plate
What is the pituitary fossa?
Dip where the pituitary gland lies
Which is the largest foramen of the skull?
Foramen magnum
What passes through the foramen magnum?
Spinal cord
Meninges
Vertebral arteries
Name the sinuses of the skull?
Frontal
Maxillary
Ethmoidal
Sphenoidal
Where do the facial sinuses open into?
Nasal cavity
Where does the scalp extend anteriorly to?
Supraorbital margins
Where does the scalp extend posteriorly to?
Superior nuchal line
Where does the scalp extend laterally to?
Zygomatic arches
What are the layers of the scalp?
Skin Connective tissue (dense) Aponeurosis Loose connective tissue Pericranium
What does the aponeurosis of the skull connect?
Anterior (frontal) and posterior (occipital) bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle.
What nerve supplies the anterior part of the scalp?
V1
Which nerve supplies the posterior half of the scalp?
C2 and C3
What is the V1 division of the trigeminal nerve?
Ophthalmic division
What is the V2 division of the trigeminal nerve?
Maxillary division
What is the V3 division of the trigeminal nerve?
Mandibular division
Which layer of the scalp prevents vessel vasoconstriction?
Connective tissue layer
Which arteries supply the scalp and face?
Supratrochlear Supra-orbital Superficial temporal Posterior auricular Occipital Facial artery
What is the supratrochlear artery a branch of?
ICA
What is the supra-oribtal a. a branch of?
ICA
What is the superficial temporal artery a branch of?
ECA
What is the posterior auricular a. a branch of?
ECA
What is the occipital a. a branch of?
ECA
Do emissary veins contain valves?
No
What do emissary veins connect?
Extracranial venous system to intracranial venous system
What is the clinical significance of emissary veins?
Provides a route for infection intracranially
Name some muscles in the face
Frontalis Temporalis Orbicularis oculi Orbicularis oris Buccinator Masseter Zygomaticus Lateral and medial pterygoid
Which nerve innervates muscles of facial expression?
CN VII
Through which foramen does CNVII exit onto the face?
Stylomastoid foramen
What processes lie either side of the stylomastoid foramen?
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Which is the largest salivary gland?
Parotid
Is the parotid gland an exocrine or endocrine gland?
Exocrine
Where does the parotid gland lie in relation to the masseter muscle?
Anterior to the masseter
Which muscle does the parotid duct pierce?
Buccinator
Where does the parotid duct enter the oral cavity?
Opposite 2nd molar (maxillary)
Which structures enter and leave the parotid gland?
CN VII
ECA
Retromandibular vein
What are the 3 pairs of salivary glands?
Parotid
Sublingual
Submandibular
Which branch of the NS is secretomotor to the parotid salivary gland?
Parasympathetic
Which nerve innervates the parotid gland?
CN IX
Which nerve innervates the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands?
CN VII
Through which foramen does V1 exit?
Superior orbital fissure
Through which fissure does V2 exit?
Foramen rotundum
Through which fissure does V3 exit?
Foramen ovale
Which main artery supplies the face and neck?
ECA
Which main artery supplies the brain?
ICA
What are the 4 compartments of the neck?
Vertebral compartment
Vascular compartment
Visceral compartment
Muscularfacial collar
What does the vertebral compartment of the neck contain?
Cervical vertebrae
Postural muscles
What does the vascular compartment of the neck contain?
ICA
IJC
CN.X
What does the visceral compartment of the neck contain?
Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Pharynx Larynx Trachea Oesophagus
How many cervical vertebra are there?
7
What type of spinous process do cervical vertebra have?
Bifid
What type of curvature is found in the cervical portion of the spine?
Lordosis
What is C1 vertebra known as?
Atlas
What is C2 vertebrae known as?
Axis
What type of joints if the antlanto-occipital joint?
Condylar
What type of joint is atlantoaxial joint?
Pivot
and ellipsoid
What passes through the transverse foramen?
Vertebral arteries
Vertebral veins
Which vertebra is palpable from the back of the neck?
C7
What are the borders of the anterior triangle of the neck?
Superiorly – inferior border of the mandible
Laterally – medial border of sternocleidomastoid
Medially – imaginary sagittal line down midline of body
What are the borders of the posterior triangle of the neck?
Anterior – posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
Posterior – anterior border of the trapezius muscle
Inferior – middle 1/3 of the clavicle
Where does the sternocleidomastoid muscle originate from?
Clavicle
Manubrium of the sternum
When the sternocleidomastoid muscle contracts where does the head tilt?
To the same side as the contraction
When the sternocleidomastoid muscle contracts where does the face turn?
To the opposite side of the contracted muscle
What are the actions of the trapezius muscle?
Moving, rotating and stabilising the scapula
Which nerve innervates the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the trapezius?
CN XI
What is the first branch off the arch of the aorta?
Brachiocephalic artery
What does the braciocephalic artery bifurcate into?
Right CCA
Right subclavian artery
What is the 2nd branch off the arch of the aorta?
Left CCA
What is the 3rd branch off the arch of the aorta?
Left subclavian artery
Which structures run alongside the CCA?
Vagus nerve
IJV
At which level does the CCA bifurcate into the ICA and ECA?
C4
Which vessel runs more laterally ICA or ECA?
ICA
Which vein does the IJV drain into?
Subclavian vein
What do the subclavian vein and IJV form?
Brachiocephalic vein
Where does the EJV drain into?
Subclavian vein
Where does the EJV run in relation to the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
Superficially
From which nerves does the phrenic nerve originate from?
C3,4,5
Mainly C4
What does the phrenic nerve innervate?
Diaphragm
Why is the hyoid bone known as the floating bone?
Because it does not articulate with any other bone in the body
What are the parts of the hyoid bone?
Greater horns
Lesser horns
Body
Name the suprahyoid muscles
Diagastric
Mylohyoid
Stylohyoid
Geniohyoid
What are the two parts of the diagastric muscle?
Anterior
Posterior belly
Where are the infrahyoid muscles located?
Inferiorly to the hyoid bone
What is the function of the infrahyoid muscles?
Depress the hyoid bone
Name the infrahyoid muscles
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid
Omohyoid
What are the attachments of the sternohyoid?
Sterhum
Hyoid bone
What are the attachments of the sternothyroid?
Sternum
Thyroid
What are the attachments of the thyrohyoid?
Thyroid
Hyoid bone
What is the function of the suprahyoid muscles?
Elevate the hyoid bone
What are the vertebral roots of the cervical plexus?
C1-C4
What is the main vertebral root of the phrenic nerve?
C4
Which vertebral roots compose the ansa cervicalis?
C1-C3
What does the thyroid gland consist of?
Right and left lobe
Isthmus
What is the isthmus of the thyroid gland?
Bridge between the lobes
Which tracheal rings does the isthmus lies over?
2nd and 3rd tracheal rings
In which compartment of the neck does the thyroid gland lie?
Visceral compartment
What is the innervation of the stylohyoid muscle?
CN VII
What is the innervation of the diagastric muscle?
Anterior belly - branch of CNV 3
Posterior belly - branch of CN VII
On which bone is the occipital protuberance found?
Occipital bone
On which bone is the mastoid process found?
Temporal bone
Between which bones is the zygomatic arch?
Temporal and zygomatic bones
On which bone is the styloid process located?
Temporal
What are the supratrochlear and suprorbital a. branches of?
Ophthalmic artery
Branch of ICA
Where does the sternocleidomastoid muscle attach?
Mastoid process
Name a muscle that depresses the mandible
Diagastric
Mylohyoid
What is the innervation of the stylohyoid muscle?
CN VII
What is the innervation of the of the geniohyoid muscle?
CN XII
What is the innervation of the mylohyoid muscle?
Mandibular nerve from CN V3
What is the innervation of the Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
and Omohyoid?
Ansa cervicalis
What is the innervation of the thyrohyoid muscle?
C1