Neck

Question 1

Submandibular (digastric) triangle borders

Answer 1

Anteroinferior: anterior belly of the digastric m.
Posteroinferior: posterior belly of the digastric m.
Superior: inferior border of mandible.

Question 2

Submental triangle borders

Answer 2

Left and right borders: left and right anterior belly of the digastric muscles.
Inferior: hyoid bone.

Question 3

Carotid triangle borders

Answer 3

Anteroinferior: superior belly of the omohyoid m.
Anterosuperior: posterior belly of the digastric m.
Posterior: Sternocleidomastoid m. (ant. surface).

Question 4

Muscular triangle borders

Answer 4

Anterior: anterior median line.
Posterosuperior: superior belly of the omohyoid m.
Posteroinferior: Sternocleidomastoid m.

Question 5

Hyoid function

Answer 5

Swallowing, vocalization, tongue movement

Question 6

Distinguishing from facial vein and artery

Answer 6

the facial vein passes superficial to the submandibular gland, whereas the facial artery passes deep/through the submandibular gland

Question 7

Contents of submandibular triangle

Answer 7

1. Submandibular gland
2. Submandibular lymph nodes
3. Mylohyoid nerve (V3)
4. Facial artery (and vein) with submental branch
5. Lingual artery (passes deep to Hyoglossus muscle)
6. Submandibular duct
7. Lingual nerve (V3) and submandibular ganglion
8. Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
9. digastric, mylohoid, stylohoid, geniohyoid

Question 8

Contents of submental triangle

Answer 8

Lymph nodes and small veins that unite to form anterior jugular vein

Mylohyoid, digastric anterior belly

Question 9

Branches of external carotid artery

Answer 9

1. Superior thyroid
2. Ascending pharyngeal
3. Lingual
4. Facial
5. Occipital
6. Posterior aurocular
7. Superficial temporal
8. Maxillary

Question 10

Nerves of the carotid triangle

Answer 10

1. Vagus N (CN X):Runs between the internal carotid and the internal jugular vein within the carotid sheath.
2. Spinal accessory N. (CN XI): Enters the carotid triangle from behind the posterior belly of digastric and runs to the posterior aspect of the SCM.
   Innervates SCM & trapezius.
3. Hypoglossal (CN XII): Enters the carotid triangle from behind the posterior belly of digastric. Then runs anterior, slightly inferior, exits triangle and “loops” into the floor of the mouth.
4. Cervical Sympathetic trunk (chain): This is located behind the posterior wall of the carotid sheath. Primary structures visible here include the superior, middle and inferior cervical ganglia, and the external carotid artery plexus.

Question 11

Direction of the vagus nerve

Answer 11

R- loops around subclavian

L- loops around aorta

Question 12

Horner’s syndrome

Answer 12

Interruption of the sympathetic nervous system in the neck; marked by ptosis of the affected eyelid, miosis of the affected pupil, and anhydrosis (lack of sweating) on the affected side. Redding of the skin of the face is also frequently present on the affected side

Question 13

Superior thoracic aperture boundaries

Answer 13

Posterior: first thoracic vertebra
Anterior: superior aspect of the sternum
Laterally: first ribs

Question 14

Contents of the superior thoracic aperture

Answer 14

subclavian arteries and veins and their branches 
vagus nerve
phrenic nerve
sympathetic chain
recurrent laryngeal n.
thoracic duct
common carotid arteries
the apices of the left and right lungs and their pleural coverings (cupulae)

Question 15

Lymphatics of the neck

Answer 15

Listed posterior to anterior: 
occipital nodes
postauricular (retroauricular) nodes
preauricular nodes
Buccal (cheek)
submandibular nodes
submental nodes

These lymph nodes are drained by lymphatic channels which eventually drain into the deep cervical lymph nodes, which are located along the internal jugular vein. The deep cervical lymph nodes empty into jugular trunks and then into the thoracic duct on the left and the right lymphatic duct on the right.

Question 16

Thoracic duct

Answer 16

located on the left side only and receives lymphatic drainage from the entire body except the right head and neck, right upper extremity, and the right thorax. The thoracic duct enters the root of the neck through the superior thoracic aperture, passes posteriorly and laterally to the left carotid sheath, and then loops anteriorly to enter the venous system at the junction of the left internal jugular vein with the left sub-clavian vein.

Question 17

Right lymphatic duct

Answer 17

responsible for lymphatic drainage of that part of the body not drained by the thoracic duct (right head and neck, right upper extremity, and the right thorax. This lymphatic channel empties into either the right internal jugular or right subclavian vein or may drain into the bifurcation of these two veins.

Question 18

Parathyroid gland

Answer 18

secrete parathyroid hormone, a small protein that takes part in the control of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, as well as bone growth and metabolism. The sole purpose of the parathyroid glands is regulating calcium levels in the body within a very narrow rang