NBSS (Neuroscience) - Brain and the Cranium Flashcards
What is neuroscience?
The science of the brain and the nervous system.
what is the nervous system?
main controlling and communicating centre of the body
Coordinates and controls all essential bodily functions
What are the 7 different levels of enquiry?
-
Behavioural Level: study of the neural basis of behavior or
understand why we do what we do -
System Level: study of the various parts of the nervous system
like the visual or auditory system. -
Local Circuit Level: study the function of groups of neurons
(nerve cells). -
Single Neuron Level: study what individual neurons do; for
example how they respond to certain events in terms of
electrical activity or what neurotransmitters they release - Synapse Level: study what happens at the synapse.
-
Membrane Level: study what happens at ion channels on a
neuronal membrane. - Genetic Level: study the genetic basis of neuronal function.
What 6 internal causes can cause nervous system disorders?
- Vascular problems
- Congenital problems
- Brain tumor
- Thyroid dysfunction
- High or low blood sugar
- Organ system failure
What 5 external causes can cause nervous system disorders?
- Exposure to toxins
- Infections
- Overuse of drugs (illegal or prescription medicines) and alcohol
- Trauma (to brain and/or spinal cord)
- Nutritional deficiencies
What are the 6 degenerative disorders involving the Gradual loss of function
(degenerative)
- Parkinson’s disease
- Huntington’s disease
- Alzheimer Disease
- Peripheral neuropathies
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- Multiple Sclerosis
What are 2 neurodevelopmental problems?
- Autistic Spectrum Disorders
- Dyslexia
What are 4 acute nervous system disorders?
- Stroke
- Subarachnoid haemorrhage
- Transient ischemic attack
- Seizures
What are 4 mental health issues?
- Anxiety disorders
- Depression
- Psychosis
- Eating disorders
what does the crainum do?
protects brain and sensory organs
how many parts is the cranium made of? and what are these parts called?
cranium is made up of 2 parts
these parts are called:
Neurocranium and Viscerocranium
what is the Neurocranium made up of?
made of a:
1) skull cap or calvaria
2) a cranial base or basicranium
3) and an intracranial region, the inner surface of the base of the skull.
how many bones is the Neurocranium formed by?
eight
what 2 types are the bones in the nuerocranium split into? and what are the names of the bones
SINGULAR: frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, occipital
PAIRED: temporal and parietal
what is viscerocranium made up of?
facial bones in anterior cranium
what are the facial bones in the viscerocranium?
- bones surrounding mouth forming upper and lower jaws
- nose and naval cavity and orbits
what 2 types are the bones in the Viscerocranium split into? and what are the names of the bones
SINGULAR: mandible, vomer
PAIRED: maxillae, inferior nasal conchae, zygomatic, palatine, nasal, lacrimal
how many bones are there in the Viscerocranium
14
which bone and joint is moveable in the Viscerocranium?
The mandible is the only movable joint of the cranium articulating with the cranial base:
temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
where do all bones come together?
pterion - very thin area
What are the 6 different regions of the brain?
what is diencephalon also called?
hypothalamus and thalamus
What are the 8 major subdivisions of the cerebral cortex - the brain lobes?
where is the frontal lobe
where is the thalamus
where is the midbrain
where is the pons
where is the medulla oblongata
Through which foramen does the medulla oblongata pass?
Foramen magnum
Describe the 6 parts that make up the inner structure of the brain including the limbic system.
how does the brain fit into the cranium?
what region of the cranium that accomodates for the skull?
intercranial region.
what are the holes called in the intercranial region?
foramen
what do the holes in the intercranial region do?
allow nerve and vessel passage from inside skull to head and neck - allows movement, breathing, speaking ect
what is the corpus callosum?
millions of fibre connecting two hemispheres
why is the corpus callosum clinically relevant?
when cut through it can cause split personalities, we know from past medicine practises
What are the 3 layers of the meninges?
- Dura mater (tough): the outermost of the meninges made of collagen fibers acting as a mechanically protective covering
- Arachnoid mater- delicate, made of non- vascular connective tissue
- Pia mater- continuous with surface of brain/cord; supports the blood supply of the brain; forms the choroid plexus (CSF production) together with ependymal cells
what 2 meninges can be seen with the naked eye
Dura mater and Arachnoid mater
what are meninges for?
brain protection
what is the biggest and smallest out of dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater
biggest - dura
smallest - pia
what is the circle of Willis?
area made up of arteries - oxygenated blood to brain
what are cerebal ventricles?
embedded inside cerebral hemispheres and produce CSF
what does CSF do?
protects brain and spinal cord and bathes brain
what is CSF formed from?
choroid plexus
how does the CSF exit?
ventricular system - openings in roof of 4th ventricle sub sub-arachnoid space
how is the CSF re-absorbed?
arachnoid granulations into systemic veins
is circulation of CSF constant?
yes, and cannot be blocked
What does the brainstem do?
The brainstem connects the brain with the spinal cord.
what is the name given to the neurocranium where it connects lots of bones together
sphenoidal
do this online quiz to name the parts of the skull
https://ltsa.sheridancollege.ca/apps/human-anatomy/quiz_labeling_skull.html?bgImage=
