IAI - intro to immunology Flashcards
in what 2 ways is the immune system maintained?
Innate immunity - epithelial barriers, complement proteins, phagocytes and NK cells
Adaptive immunity - B lymphocytes, antibodies, T lymphocytes and effector T cells.
compare the following for innate and adaptive immunity:
development
kinetics
duration
specificity
memory
key soluble molecules
key cells
What do all cells of the immune system derive from?
pluripotent stem cell
what are the 2 lineages that come off from the pluripotent stem cell?
- myeloid lineage where most of the cells of the innate system are derived.
- lymphocyte lineage
what cell do b cells come from?
lymphocyte
what cell do t cells come from?
lymphocyte
what cell does NK cells come from?
lymphocyte
what cell does a plasma cell come from?
lymphocyte > b cell > plasma cell
what cell does a macrophage come from?
monocyte > monoblast > monocyte > macrophage
what cell does a dendritic cell come from?
monocyte
what are the key cells involved in the adaptive immune system?
CD4 T-cell (provide help)
CD8 T-cell (kills infected cells)
B cell (makes APCs)
what are the key cells involved in the innate immune system?
Dendritic cells (antigen presentation)
Macrophages (kills pathogens, antigen presentation)
Neutrophil (kills pathogens)
what do CD markers do?
- CD (cluster of differentiation) markers delineate leukocyte (white blood cell) populations.
all white blood cells (leukocytes) are characterized by the expression of what CD marker?
CD45`
all T cells are characterized by the expression of what CD marker?
CD3
all B cells are characterized by the expression of what CD marker?
CD19
Whats the function of primary lymphoid organs and where are they located in the body?
function = responsible for production
location = thymus, bone marrow
Whats the function of secondary lymphoid organs and where are they located in the body?
function = responsible for function
location= lymph nodes, spleen
what is circulation controlled by?
Circulation controlled by receptors on cells and vessel walls (chemokines and integrins)
what molecules make up the innate immune system?
defensins
complement
chemokines
cytokines
what molecules make up the adaptive immune system?
chemokines
cytokines
antibodies
T cell receptors
what is a defensin?
- Anti-microbial peptides
- Disrupt microbial cell membrane
- Secreted by Epithelial & immune cells
what do complement proteins do?
Molecules found in the blood which bind to non self microbes
have 3 pathways:
- mannan-binding lectin
- classical
- alternative
Describe chemokines
- Signalling molecules important for surveillance and specificity.
- Small (8-10kD) molecules
- Attract cells along a gradient
- Recruit cells to sites of inflammation.
- Responsible for separation of lymphocytes in tissues into zones
describe cytokines
- Largely produced by immune cells and are important for specificity.
- Small (15-20kD) molecules
- Made by cells to act on cells (activate, suppress, modify)
- Especially immune-immune interactions
- E.g.: interferons; interleukins
What are the main features of a secondary immune response?
- The response is stronger and far more rapid.
- It is also a broader response, also the response is so rapid that you rarely present any symptoms during this immune response.
