NBSS: (behaviour) Psychology of Child Development Flashcards
how do you describe child development
Child development is sequential, irreversible, and goal directed.
what are the development stages?
infancy (0-2)
early childhood (2-6)
middle childhood (6-12)
adolescence (12-18)
what are the features of infancy
- attachment, maturation of sensory, perceptual & motor functions & understand objects through senses
what are the features of early childhood
- locomotion, fantasy play, language development, sex role identification & group play
what are the features of middle childhood
friendship, skill learning, self-evaluation, team play, understand cause & effect & conservation
what are the features of adolescence
physical maturation, emotional development, peer group & sexual relationships, understand abstract thinking.
what are the six gross motor milestones?
- sitting without support
- standing with assistance
- hands and knees crawling
- walking with assistance
- standing alone
- walking alone
how can we measure perceptual development?
babies are able to fixtate their gaze focusing on contrast areas, with a preference for faces ~4-5mo and then move onto scanning environment
when do they develop appropriate selective attention?
6yrs - they learn which environmental cues warrant perceptual attention
what are the five stages of language development?
- preverbal communication (smiling at 6weeks and pointing, helps to distinguish autistic children)
- phonological developemnt (babbles)
- semantic development (knowing certain words meaning certain things)
- syntax and grammar development (sentence formation)
- pragmatics development (turn taking, non-verbal communication skills)
when does babbling occur usually?
early months
when can we hear narrower range of sounds?
towards end of 1st year
when are first words spoken?
~1 year (9-13 months)
when do children learn three new words a month?
12-18mo
how many words to infants know at 18mo?
~22 words
what is the naming explosion?
10-20 word per week between 18mo - 6yrs
what is language development like at 6yrs?
vocab of 10,000 words with 5 new words a day
what is jean piagets theory
Jean Piaget (1896-1980) - children go through same kinds of sequential discoveries about world at similar ages and make same mistakes
He theorised 4 main stages of cognitive development skills:
Sensorimotor (0 – 2 years)
Preoperational (2-6/7 years)
Concrete operations (6/7 – 11/12 years)
Formal operations (11/12 years +)
what are the four stages of cognitive skill developments?
- sensorimotor (0-2yrs)
- preoperational (2-6/7yrs)
- concrete operations (6/7-11/12yrs)
- formal operations (11/12yrs+)
what is equilibration?
process of balancing assimilation & accommodation to create schemes that fit environment
Assimilation - process of using schema to make sense of event or experience
Accommodation - changing schema as result of new information
what happens in the sensorimotor stage?
sensorimotor (0-2yrs)
- initial reflexes via sensory motor schema
- child interacts with environment and manipulates objects
- understand object permanence - do they know if something is still there if they cant see it? like peekaboo
basically little scientists learning via senses and putting bs in mouth
what happens in the preoperational stage?
- internal representation of concrete objects and situations
- child uses symbolic schemes like language
- egocentric
- reasoning dominated by perception (one-dimensional thinking and lack of conservation)
basically 0 awareness and only understand obvious things - pour liquid in two cups of same vol and they’ll choose the one that looks more full
what happens in concrete operations stage?
- reasoning involving more than 1 salient feature (conservation, multidimensional)
- logical reasoning applied to objects that are real or can be seen
- no longer ego-centric: they can see other persepctives
- understand principles of conservation
- struggle reasoning potential events and abstract ideas
what happens in formal operations stage?
- can think logically about potential events or abstract ideas - judge things they cant see or have direct experience of
- can test hypotheses about hypothetical events - forecast and imagine
when do children present separation anxiety/ fear of stranger
8 months
when does social refrencing happen?
10 months
why is 6months - 2 years important in a childs development
attachment happens in this period
CRITICAL PERIOD!!
strong attachment needed
what are the 4 types of attachments introduced by Bowlby
In what age range does a child typically develop the concept of object permanence?
A: Prenatal
B: 0-2 years
C: 2-6 years
D: 6-12 years
E: 11+ years
B: 0-2 years
Humans learn languages best in their childhood. Some research indicates that if a child doesn’t learn to speak a formal language before the age of 6, they may never learn to speak well. This would best illustrate which of the following:
A: Critical period
B: Normative age graded changes
C: Individual differences
D: Cultural specificity
A: Critical period
Grace is a two year old toddler who plays well with toys and explores her playroom when her mother is near, even when a stranger is present. This is an example of _____ attachment.
A: Secure
B: Resistant
C: Avoidant
D : Disorganized-disoriented
A: Secure
