Navigation Flashcards
What info does the VOR give you?
The radial you’re on
How do you find out the range of the VOR signal?
- Check chart supplement
- AIM Chapter 1-1-8 figure 1-1-1
If flying IFR off VOR navigation stations, what should pilots check before deciding to use that specific VOR?
- Check the reception distance
What are limitations of using a VOR for navigation?
- Signal could be blocked by mountainous terrain and could hinder the ability of the frequency to reach your a/c
- Cone of confusion occurs 1-2 miles from the station
- Rev sensing
-
What are the differences between these VOR/VORTAC/VOR-DME?
VORTAC: Has a military VOR and common VOR
VOR: Normal VOR
VOR-DME: Has distance measuring equipment
Describe the isosceles triangle method to finding out distance to the station VOR?
- Pick a radial 10° from current radial
- Take a 10° to intercept
Time to station = time to intercept
What should I check first once tuned into the VOR or localizer frequency?
Check and verify the VOR morse code is correct
What will you see on the CDI needle when flying over the VOR?
The red flag will show on the CDI instrument
How do I avoid reverse sensing?
Fly TO the station with “TO” indication
Fly From the station with a “FROM” indication
VODGA checks
SPED VOR Checks: FAR 91.171 (d)
How do I find out which airport has a VOT?
Check chart supplements
What can I use to measure distance from a station without a DME?
GPS can replace a DME for measuring distance
What does a DME arc do?
It maintains a specific distance from a station
What are the 3 elements of a GPS?
Space: 31 satellites in 6 orbital planes, they are arranged in a way that there are always 6 satellites in view at any time on earth
Control: A network of ground based GPS monitoring and control stations that ensure the accuracy of satellite positions and clocks
User:
What is RAIM?
A function that lets the pilot know the GPS is no longer accurate.
How many satellites does RAIM need?
- 5 satellites
or
- 4 w/ a baro-aiding altimeter
Benefits of WAAS system?
- Accuracy
- Does not require backup navigation system
The GPS CDI needle measures degrees or distance?
Distance, VOR CDI measures degrees
If you receive a single coded identification once every 30 seconds, this means that:
- The VOR is inoperative, but the DME is operative
What are VOR components?
Omnibearing Selector: Enables you to select the course you wish to fly
To-From Flag: Tells you if flying the course selected will take you closer TO or farther FROM the VOR station
Left-Right Needle: Turn right or left to center the needle to put you on course
What is fault detection exclusion?
RAIM needs 6 satellites in view to isolate a corrupt satellite signal and remove it from the solution
How many satellites are there in space?
31
What is a GEO stationary satellite?
It’s a satellite that rotates at the same speed as the earth
How fast does the earth rotate?
15° per hour
How big is the error with GPS and a GPS w/ WAAS?
- 10’ with WAAS
- 50’ without WAAS
How often must GPS database be updated?
Every 28 days
What are the three original standard service volumes of NAVAIDS?
- Terminal (T)
- Low (L)
- High (H)
What are the basic components of an ILS?
- Localizer
- Glide slope
- Outer marker
- Inner marker (when installed for CAT II or CAT III IAP)
What are the functions of the localizer, glide slope, outer marker and visual information?
- Guidance: Localizer, glide slope
- Range Information: DME, marker beacons
- Visual Information: Lights, touchdown centerline, runway lights
What part of the ILS can be replaced by another NAVAID?
- The outer marker can be replaced by other forms of DME (i.e. GPS capable of locating distance between fixes, PAR, ASR)
Without RAIM, the pilot has no assurance of?
- GPS position integrity
How will you know if your GPS doesn’t have RAIM avaialble?
- Message will indicate that there are not enough satellites to provide RAIM (requires 5 or 6 if equipped with FDE)
- The second type indicates that the RAIM integrity monitor has detected a potential error and that there is an inconsistency in the navigation solution for the given phase of flight
What is the FDE function of RAIM?
Fault Detection Exclusion
- This allows the GPS receiver to isolate the corrupt satellite signal, remove it from the position solution, and still provide an integrity-assured position.
When inbound for an approach, when is it up to the pilot to make turns at their own discretion to intercept the app course?
- When there’s only a barb depicted
- If a racetrack or a teardrop is depicted on the approach plate, then the turn must be flown as shown
- Must remain within 10 miles of the fix
When are procedure turns not required for an approach?
NORTH
N- Not authorized NoPT written on chart
O- Otherwise directed by ATC
R- Radar vectors are being given
T- Timed approaches from a holding fix are in affect
H- Holding pattern or teardrop pattern is depicted in lieu of PT
How is a timed approach performed at an airport with no radar or ATC radar is temp out of service?
- ATC will put you into a hold and give you a specific time to leave the hold and begin the approach
- Only leave at assigned time, as multiple other a/c may be sequenced before and after you
What conditions must be met for a timed approach?
- Operating control tower
- Direct comms
- NO course reversals in the missed approaches
- If only one MAP, ceiling & vis must be higher than circling minimums
When are side step maneuvers available?
and
When should you side step if given instructions to do so?
- When parallel runways are 1200’ or less apart
- Side step as soon as possible after the runway environment is in sight
In order to request “contact approach” what are the requirements?
- Must be requested by the pilot
- Airport must have standard or special IAP
- Reported ground vis must be at least 1SM
- Must remain clear of cloud, w/ 1sm of visibility throughout approach
In order to land from an approach, what 3 things is needed?
- Required vis
- Able to descend using normal maneuvers
- RWY environment in sight
If runway visual is lost during circling approach, what’s the procedure for executing a missed approach?
- Make a climbing turn toward the landing runway and continue until established on the missed approach course
What frequencies do VORs operate on?
108.0 - 117.95 MHz VHF band
Where can I find the distances/range of different variations of VOR stations?
AIM 1-1-8
What does a single coded signal and no coded signal mean when trying to IDENT a VOR?
- Single Coded identifier once every 30 seconds means the VOR isn’t working but the DME still does
- If none received, the VOR has been taken off air
For flight planning purposes, how far apart should NAVAIDs be?
Below FL180: Use NAVAIDs no more than 80 NM apart
Between FL145 - 17,999’ MSL: “H” - High Altitude service NAVAIDs no more than 200 NM apart
Briefly describe a GPS WAAS system:
- WAAS GPS ground stations receive GPS signals and forwards position errors to master stations
- The errors are corrected and uplinked to geostationary satellites
- Satellites send GPS signals to WAAS/GPS receivers, which corrects the position of the a/c
What are the 3 function of an ILS?
- Guidance Information: Localizer/Glide Slope
- Range Information: Marker Beacons, DME
- Visual Information: ALS, Touchdown Centerline Lights, Runway Lights
What are some means that can be used to substitute for OM?
- Compass Locator
- Precision Approach Radar (PAR)
- Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR)
- DME
- VOR
- RNAV systems capable of identification of a fix
Inner Markers (IM) are installed for use with:
- CAT II OR CAT III IAP
