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Jared > Natural Science > Flashcards

Natural Science Flashcards

Sci and tech

1
Q

what is an element?

A
  • a pure substance

* only has one kind of atom

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2
Q

can an element be broken down into simpler substances?

A

No

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3
Q

What symbols do we use to write an elements name?

A

1 or 2 letters

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4
Q

What is a compound?

A
  • a pure substance

* has 2 or more kinds of atoms

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5
Q

How can a compound be broken down into its elements?

A

By reactions such as

  • heating &
  • electrolysis
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6
Q

Each compound has a chemical formula.

What does this formula show?

A
  • Which elements are present in the compound
  • and how many atoms of each element there are in one molecule
    EG. Water is H2O
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7
Q

What 3 things can the elements be classified into?

A
  1. Metals
  2. Non Metals
  3. Semi - Metals
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8
Q

Which metal is not a solid?

What state is this metal?

A

Mercury is liquid

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9
Q

Which elements are good conductors of heat and electricity?

A

Metals

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10
Q

Complete the sentence:

Metals have high…………

A

boiling and melting points

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11
Q

In what state are non-metals

A

solids or gases

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12
Q

Are non - metals good conductors of heat?

A

No

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13
Q

In what state are semi - metals?

A

solids

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14
Q

How does silicon (Si) have properties of a non-metal and a metal?

A

It is shiny like a metal.

It is a poor conductor of heat and electricty like a non-metal.

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15
Q

On the Periodic Table; why are the rows labeled Period 1, Period 2, etc?

A

All the elements in a period have the same number of orbitals for their electrons.
eg) Period 1: each element has 1 orbital for its electron
Period 2 : each element has 2 orbital for its electrons

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16
Q

What is the maximum number of electron orbitals for each element?

A

7

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17
Q

Why are the elements on the Periodic tabled labelled into grouped coloums :1, 2, 3, etc

A

The elements in each group have the
same number of electrons
in the outermost orbital of electrons.

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18
Q

Why do the elements in each group have similar chemical properties?

A

They have the same number of gaps in their outer orbital of electrons that can be filled.

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19
Q

Why are noble gases stable?

A

They do not react easily with other elements as their outermost orbital is already full of electrons

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20
Q

What information is given in each elements block on the Periodic table?

A
  • The elements symbol
  • The elements name
  • The atomic number of the element
  • The atomic mass of the element
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21
Q

What is the formula for a molecule of Oxygen?

A

O2

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22
Q

What does the formula for Oxygen (O2) tell us?

A

one molecule has 2 Oxygen atoms

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23
Q

What is the symbol for Hydrogen

A

H

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24
Q

What is the symbol for Helium

A

He

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25
Q

What is the symbol for Lithium

A

Li

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26
Q

What is the symbol for Beryllium

A

Be

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27
Q

What is the symbol for Boron

A

B

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28
Q

What is the symbol for Carbon

A

C

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29
Q

What is the symbol for Nitrogen

A

N

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30
Q

What is the symbol for Oxygen

A

O

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31
Q

What is the symbol for Neon

A

Ne

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32
Q

What is the symbol for Sodium

A

Na

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33
Q

What is the symbol for Magnesium

A

Mg

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34
Q

What does the symbol this symbol stand for?

Al

A

Aluminium

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35
Q

What does the symbol this symbol stand for?

Si

A

Silicon

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36
Q

What does the symbol this symbol stand for?

P

A

Phosphorus

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37
Q

What does the symbol this symbol stand for?

S

A

Sulfur

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38
Q

What does the symbol this symbol stand for?

Cl

A

Chlorine

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39
Q

What does the symbol this symbol stand for?

Zn

A

Zinc

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40
Q

What does the symbol this symbol stand for?

Cu

A

Copper

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41
Q

What does the symbol this symbol stand for?

Fe

A

Iron

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42
Q

What does the symbol this symbol stand for?

K

A

Potassium

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43
Q

What does the symbol this symbol stand for?

Ca

A

Calcium

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44
Q 
NaCl: 
Sodium Chloride (table salt) is made up of which elements?
A

Sodium (Na) and Chlorine (Cl)

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45
Q

Hydrogen sulfide is made up of which elements?

A

Hydrogen and sulfur

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46
Q

What are the elements that make up MgO

A

Magnesium and Oxygen

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47
Q

What does the second part of the compounds name tell us?

A

what group of atoms are attached to the main atom

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48
Q

what is the common name for H2O

A

Water

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49
Q

What is the common name for Sodium Chloride

A

Salt

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50
Q

What is the common name for NaHCO3

A

Bicarbonate of Soda

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51
Q

What is the common name for HCl

A

Pool acid or Hydrogen Chloride

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52
Q

What does the prefix Mono mean

A

one

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53
Q

What does the prefix Di or Bi mean

A

two

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54
Q

What does the name Carbon monoxide tell us?

A

Each atom of carbon (C) in the compound has combined with one atom of Oxygen (O)

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55
Q

What does the name Carbon Dioxide tell us?

A

Each atom of carbon (C) in the compound has combined with two atoms of Oxygen (O)

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56
Q

What does the name Sulfur trioxide tell us?

A

Each atom of Sulfur (S) has combined with 3 atoms of Oxygen (O)

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57
Q

Write the formula and name the compounds for….

2 Hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom

A

H2O

Hydrogen Oxide (Water)

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58
Q

Write the formula and name the compounds for….

2 Oxygen atoms

A

O2

Oxygen

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59
Q

Write the formula and name the compounds for….

one copper atom and 1 Oxygen atom

A

CuO

Copper Oxide

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60
Q

Write the formula and name the compounds for….

1 Sodium atom and 1 chlorine atom

A

NaCl

Sodium Chloride

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61
Q

Write the formula and name the compounds for….

one sulfur atom and 3 oxygen atoms

A

SO3

Sulfer Oxide

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62
Q

Explain the chemical formula for

MgO

A

1 Magnesium atom and
1 Oxygen atom

(Magnesium Oxide)

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63
Q

Explain the chemical formula for

CaCO3

A

1 Calcium atom
1 Carbon atom
3 Oxygen atoms

(Calcium carbonate)

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64
Q

compounds are formed when …..

A

2 or more elements join together during a chemical reaction

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65
Q

In what 2 ways can we show the chemical reaction?

A

By making models

By drawing symbols

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66
Q

What are reactants?

A

the different elements that react with each other to form the product

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67
Q

What is the product?

A

the compound that is formed after 2 or more elements have reacted

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68
Q

What is the number in the chemical formula called?

A

the subscript number

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69
Q

What gases does Air consist of?

A

Nitrogen
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
(and other gases)

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70
Q

What is the process of burning called?

A

combustion

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71
Q

When metals react with oxygen, they form….

A

metal oxides

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72
Q

What is the product of Iron burnt in air

A

iron oxide

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73
Q

Write the chemical formula for magnesium burnt in air

A

2Mg + O2 = 2MgO

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74
Q

What is corrosion?

A

The reaction of the surface of a substance such as metal with air, usually to form an oxide

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75
Q

When do metals corrode faster?

A

If they are wet
or
if air contains acid pollutants such as sulfur dioxide (SO2)

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76
Q

Why / When does rust form on the surface of iron?

A

When it is exposed to air and moisture

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77
Q

Why is steel used more often than other metals in many modern constructions?

A

It is strong and relatively cheap

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78
Q

Why does steel rust and corrode easily?

A

Steel consists mostly of iron

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79
Q

Why is rust a problem in construction?

A

Rust can seriously damage and weaken iron and steel structures and equipment

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80
Q

How are iron and steel structures protected from rust?

A

By painting or plating them with other metals such as
zinc, tin, nickel and chronium.
(which do not corrode with air)

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81
Q

What is electrolysis

A

breaking down of chemical substances by passing an electric current through a solution of them

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82
Q

What is the problem with painting the surface of iron and steel with an oil based paint to prevent rust?

A

The layer of paint can scratch easily, exposing the metal to air and moisture, causing the metal to rust and the paint to peel off.

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83
Q

When coating iron or steel with a thin layer of chromium or zinc to prevent rust, what do we call this?

A

electroplating

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84
Q

Iron coated with zinc is called _________ iron?

A

galvanized iron

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85
Q

Give examples of items that have been galvanized?

A

roofs, shovels, wheel barrows

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86
Q

Give examples of items that have been electroplate.

A

metal parts of motor cars, motorbikes and bicycles

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87
Q

What metal will be electroplated with which metal to make jewelry and cutlery

A

Nickel electroplated with silver

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88
Q

What metal will be electroplated with which metal to make metal canned food products?

A

Steel electroplated with Tin

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89
Q

What is formed when non-metals react with oxygen?

A

non-metal oxides

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90
Q

Why do non-metals such as carbon and sulfur react very slowly in air and take a long time to form the non-metal oxides?

A

Because air only contains 21% oxygen.

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91
Q

What is the general equation when any non-metal is burned?

A

non-metal + oxygen = non-metal oxide

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92
Q

what happens when carbon is burnt in air?

What is the chemical equation?

A

It reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide

C + O2 = CO2

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93
Q

In what state can non - metal oxides be?

A

solid , liquid or gas

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94
Q

What element does charcoal contain?

A

carbon

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95
Q

What compound is formed when we burn charcoal or wood?

A

Carbon dioxide

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96
Q

Why is carbon dioxide dangerous?

A

It is poisonous.

We can not see or smell carbon dioxide.

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97
Q

What is the word and chemical equation when sulfur reacts with oxygen?

A

sulfur + oxygen = sulfur dioxide

S + O2 = SO2

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98
Q

How would a scientist collect carbon dioxide or sulfur dioxide?

A
  1. collect pure oxygen from an oxygen tank into a glass jar
  2. Heat carbon or sulfur in a spoon until it is burning
  3. Quickly transfer the spoon into the oxygen jar
  4. Let carbon or sulfur burn until all oxygen has been used up. (stops burning)
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99
Q

What colour flame does carbon burn with?

A

orange - yellow

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100
Q

What colour flame does sulfur burn with?

A

bright blue

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101
Q

Why would scientists use pure oxygen to make non - metal oxides?

A

non - metal oxides burn better in oxygen

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102
Q

What are the properties of Acids?

A
  • Taste sour
  • Feel rough
  • Are corrosive
  • Red litmus paper stays red
  • Blue litmus paper changes to red
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103
Q

What are the properties of Bases?

A
  • Taste bitter
  • Feel slippery
  • Are corrosive
  • Red litmus paper changes to blue
  • Blue litmus paper stays blue
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104
Q

The pH scale goes from ? to ?

A

1 to 14

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105
Q

What range on the pH scale are acids?

A

1 to 7

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106
Q

What range on the pH scale are bases?

A

7 to 14

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107
Q

What would the pH balance of 7 be called?

A

a neutral substance

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108
Q

What do we use to show us whether a substance is an acid, base or neutral?

A

chemical indicators

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109
Q

Which indicator is most precise in telling us the pH level

and why?

A

a Universal Indicator as it shows the full range of pH levels as other indicators only show whether a substance is an acid or a base

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110
Q

Is vinegar an acid or a base?

A

acid

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111
Q

Is blood an acid or a base?

A

neutral

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112
Q

Is wine an acid or a base?

A

acid

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113
Q

is baking soda an acid or a base

A

base

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114
Q

Is dishwashin soap an acid or a base?

A

base

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115
Q

What is a neutralization reaction?

A

when an acid and a base react together

(a base reacting with an acid to make the acid less acidic or neutral)
or

(an acid reacting with a base to make the base less acidic)

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116
Q

Explain how brushing our teeth is a neutralisation reaction?

A

Toothpaste is a base and reacts with the acidic bacteria, neutralising the bacteria that is damaging our teeth.

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117
Q

Explain how we treat indigestion with neutralization.

A

Indigestion is caused by too much acid in the stomach, which is relieved with antacid medicines that contain bases

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118
Q

What is hydrochloric Acid (HCl) used for?

A
  • a chemical reagent in the production of plastics
  • to remove rust or iron oxide from steel
  • in household cleaning substances
  • the production of food substances
  • leather processing
  • neutralising chemicals in swimming pools
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119
Q

Where is Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) used?

A
  • in motor car batteries
120
Q

Are non-metal oxides such as carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide acids or bases?

A

acids

121
Q

Are metal oxides such as iron oxides and magnesium oxide acids or bases?

A

bases

122
Q

Are metal hydoxides and metal carbonates acids or bases?

A

bases

123
Q

When any acid reacts with a metal oxide, what products are formed?

A

a salt and water

124
Q

When non-metal oxides react with water in the atmosphere what is the product?

A

acid which falls as acid rain

125
Q

how is acid rain formed?

A

when burning wood or fossil fuels give off carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide, they react with the water in the atmosphere to form acid, which falls as acid rain.

126
Q

Why is pure rain slightly acidic?

A

It has impurities from dust particles dissolved in it.

Carbon dioxide in the air reacts with the water in the rain to form carbonic acid.

127
Q

What are natural sources that give off carbon dioxide into the atmosphere?

A

forest fires,
respiration by living organisms
volcanoes
decaying of dead organisms

128
Q

why is rain becoming more acidic?

A

the levels of carbon dioxide in the air is increasing because of peoples activities.
Therefore more carbonic acid is being produced.

129
Q

sulfer dioxide + water =

sO2 + H2O =

A

sulfuric acid

H2SO3

130
Q

Nitrogen dioxide + water =

NO2 + H2O

A

Nitric Acid

HNO3

131
Q

What natural source causes sulfur dioxide, which causes acid rain?

A

volcanoes

decaying of dead organisms

132
Q

What human activities causes sulfer dioxide, which causes acid rain?

A

burning fossil fuels (coal & oil)
burning sulfide oils
burning wood

133
Q

What natural source causes Nitrogen dioxide, which causes acid rain?

A

Bacterias in soils and oceans

lightening flashes

134
Q

What human activities causes Nitrogen dioxide, which causes acid rain?

A

burning fossil fuels (oil in motor cars)
burning wood
use of nitrogen fertilizers
making of synthetic nitrogen

135
Q

what are the consequences of acid rain to the natural environment?

A
  • forests are destroyed, trees can not survive, as well as the habitats of many animals
  • acidity in rivers etc effect reproductive cycles and cause deformities to young animals.
136
Q

what are the consequences of acid rain to human made structures?

A
  • marble, sandstone and limestone dissolve easily in acid rain
  • it corrodes paints, textiles and metals speeding up the decay and deterioration of buildings and structures
137
Q

what are the consequences of acid rain to peoples health?

A
  • toxic metals are released in the soil which are absorbed through drinking water, crops or animals that people consume.
  • chemicals in the air increase respiratory problems.
    *
138
Q

why are soils in the eastern parts of South Africa usually slighty acidic?

A

There is more rainfall

139
Q

what is used in agriculture to neutralize acidic soil?

and why

A

Limestone (calcium carbonate CaCO3)

  • It is a metal carbonate which is a basic
  • It gives plants the essential nutrient - calcium
140
Q

Why is it important to reduce the acidity in soil?

A
  1. makes important nutrients more available to plants

2. stops elements such as aluminium from being poisonous to plants

141
Q

when metals react with water they tend to form…

A

metal hydroxides

142
Q

a hydroxide group contains which atoms?

A

1 oxygen atom and 1 hydrogen atom

143
Q

what is the product when any acid reacts with a metal hydroxide

A

a salt and water

144
Q

whenever there is the name carbonate, the formula will include….

A

CO3

1 carbon atom and 3 oxygen atoms

145
Q

when an acid reacts with a metal carbonate, the products thats are formed are…

A

a salt, water and carbon dioxide

146
Q

what is effervescence?

A

The bubbling of carbon dioxide through a solution

147
Q

when any acid reacts with a metal, what products are formed?

A

a salt and hydrogen gas

148
Q

How do metals such as sodium and magnesium react with metal?

A

quickly and violently

149
Q

? & ? are compounds that form hydrogen ions when dissolved in water.

A

Acids & Bases

150
Q

Alkali is a ?_____ and can dissolve in water.

A

base

151
Q

pH is the number between 0 – 14 that tells us how ___?___ a water soluble substance is.

A

acidic or alkaline

152
Q

Acids change the colour of universal indicator towards the _____?________ colours

A

yellow, orange and red colours.

153
Q

Bases change the colour of universal indicator towards the ?________ colours

A

purple colours.

154
Q

• Neutral substances (pH 7), changes the colour of universal indicator to

A

green.

155
Q

Metal + oxygen →

A

metal oxide

156
Q

Non-metal + oxygen →

A

non-metal oxide

157
Q

Carbon + oxygen →

A

carbon dioxide

158
Q

Metal oxide + water →

A

metal hydroxide

159
Q

Magnesium oxide + water →

A

magnesium hydroxide

160
Q

Non-metal oxides + water →

A

acid

161
Q

Example: Carbon dioxide is pumped into a cold drink to make it fizzy. Carbon
dioxide is a non-metal oxide. When it dissolves in the water of the cold drink,
____?______ is formed

A

carbonic acid

162
Q

acid + metal oxide →

A

salt + water

163
Q

Acid + metal hydroxide →

A

salt + water

164
Q

Acid + metal →

A

salt + hydrogen gas

165
Q

All life is made of

A

cells.

166
Q

A __?__ is the smallest part of your body.

A

cell

167
Q

Unicellular are organism made of __?____

A

a single cell.

168
Q

The __?_____ forms the outer border of the cell.

A

cell membrane

169
Q

The membrane is selectively permeable.

• This means that ______?

A

it controls which materials pass into or out of the cell.

170
Q

___?___ is the jelly-like substance, which fills the cell.

A

Cytoplasm

171
Q

?_____ contains deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

A

The nucleus

172
Q

?____ contains the information that determines an organisms inherited
characteristics.

A

DNA

173
Q

?_____ takes place in the mitochondria.

A

Respiration

174
Q

• Respiration is the metabolic reaction that releases ___?___

A

energy from glucose.

175
Q

White plant cells usually have one or two large ___?, which store
substances like sugar, salts and water for the cell.

A

vacuoles

176
Q

A neuron is also known as ?_____

A

the nerve cell.

177
Q

• The main parts of the human nervous system include

A 
the brain, 
spinal cord,
nerves, 
ears, 
nose, 
eyes, 
skin and 
tongue.
178
Q

The nose, ears, eyes, skin and tongue are called
___?____
These organs have specific cells that detect stimuli in the environment. These cells
are known as _________

A

sensory organs.

receptors

179
Q

Health issues of the nervous system

A
  • Deafness
  • Blindness
  • Short-sightedness
180
Q

• The male sex cells are called

A

sperm cells

181
Q

The female sex cells are the

A

egg cells.

182
Q

• These cells need to __? to create a new life

A

fuse

183
Q

The main parts of the human reproductive system are

A

the testes,
ovaries and
uterus.

184
Q

The __? is where the baby grows until it is ready to be born.

A

uterus

185
Q

reproduction processes include

A

copulation, ejaculation, ovulation, menstruation,

fertilisation and implantation, growth, cell division and maturation.

186
Q

With asexual reproduction there is

A

only one parent. The offspring are identical

to the parent.

187
Q

In some plants, ????_____ can grow into

a new plant.

A

a piece of the plant such as a stem, leaf or root

188
Q

Some simple animals like an amoeba, can reproduce by

A

dividing into two.

189
Q

In sexual reproductions, there are ?__ parents.

A

two

190
Q

The parents have reproductive organs that make ___?

A

gametes (sex cells).

• The gametes are also called sperm cells or egg cells.

191
Q

Life starts when an egg cell and a sperm cell join during

A

fertilisation

192
Q

The fertilised egg becomes the ?____ and will develop into a new individual.

A

embryo

193
Q

Puberty normally ends around the age of

A

18.

194
Q

The pituitary gland and hormones
• This structure is found at the ___? and starts to make hormones
that tell the organs what to do

A

base of the brain

195
Q

____?_____ start to

make the reproductive organs active.

A

Hormones released from the pituitary gland into the blood stream

196
Q

The ?____ make testosterone

A

testes

197
Q

the ?_____ make oestrogen.

A

ovaries

198
Q

Male reproductive organs

• the male reproductive organs are made up of:

A
  1. Penis
  2. Sperm duct
  3. Testes
  4. Scrotum
  5. Urethra
199
Q

As the sperm travels down the sperm duct it mixes with fluids from the male
glands.
The mixture of sperm and fluids is known as ?__

A

semen.

200
Q

The semen travels through the ___? which runs through the penis.

A

urethra,

201
Q

The following makes up the female reproductive organs:

A
  1. Vagina
  2. Uterus
  3. Ovaries
  4. Oviducts (fallopian tubes)
202
Q

The function of the female reproductive system is to:

A
  1. Provide safe and suitable conditions for the growth of a baby
  2. Make egg cells
203
Q

Every ____?____ an egg is released from one of the ovaries.

A

month

204
Q

The egg moves from the ?_____ along the oviduct to the uterus.

A

ovary

205
Q

Because the egg cannot move on its own it is swept along the oviduct by the
action of ?___

A

tiny hairs.

206
Q

Should the egg not be fertilised it will ?____ as it moves through the
uterus to the vagina.

A

breakdown

207
Q

The vagina is also called the

A

birth canal.

208
Q

Human reproduction has several stages they are:

A
  1. Ovulation
  2. Menstruation
  3. Copulation
  4. Fertilisation
  5. Implantation
  6. Pregnancy (gestation)
209
Q

The release of the ripe egg from the ovary is called

A

ovulation.

210
Q

Fertilisation normally take place in the

A

oviduct.

211
Q

Woman are more likely to become pregnant while

A

they are ovulating.

212
Q

While the egg is developing in the ovary, the soft lining of the uterus grows
thicker.it grows

A

a thick layer full of blood vessels.

213
Q 
This is in preparation for \_\_\_\_?\_\_\_\_\_
The wall of the uterus stays thick
for about a week after ovulation. If the eggs are not fertilised, it passes out of
the body through the vagina.
• Menstruation starts a few days later
A

a baby to grow in it.

214
Q

During menstruation the thick layer of blood vessels that line the uterus are
broken down. The blood and lining are released through the vagina.
Menstruation lasts between

A

four and seven days.

215
Q

The menstrual cycle lasts for roughly ______?, it has three stages

A

28 days

216
Q

The main aim of the menstrual cycle is to

A

get the uterus ready for a fertilised

egg.

217
Q

Before menstruation, the lining of the uterus thickens with a rich supply of
blood vessels and mucus.
• It is needed for

A

an unborn baby to survive.

218
Q

The bleeding that a female experience is

A

the lining of the uterus exiting the

body.

219
Q

Ovulation usually occurs on the day

A

14.

220
Q

The egg moves into the oviduct, also known as the

A

fallopian tube.

221
Q

The sperm cell can survive in the woman’s body between

A

two to three days.

222
Q

The fertilised egg grows and forms a ball of cells. It moves from the oviduct
into the uterus.
• It is now known as an ___?___ and it sinks into the lining of the uterus that
contains many blood vessels.
• This is known as ____?______

A

embryo

implantation.

223
Q

The embryo keeps growing. During the first two month of development it is
known as an embryo, and for the last even months it is known as

A

foetus.

224
Q

As the foetus grows it is attached to the uterus wall by the .

A

placenta

225
Q

The

placenta supplies the embryo with

A

food, water and oxygen from the mother’s

blood.

226
Q

Waste materials made by the embryo and foetus, such as carbon dioxide, are
removed through the

A

placenta.

227
Q

The ___?____ connects the foetus to the placenta. It transports blood
between the mother and the foetus

A

umbilical cord

228
Q

The time period from fertilisation until birth is known as

A

gestation.

229
Q

In humans, gestation is about ?__ weeks. During pregnancy the woman does
not

A

40

menstruate.

230
Q

‘contra’ means against and ‘conception’ means fertilisation therefore
contraception is to ?___

A

prevent fertilisation

This is called birth control.tion.

231
Q

STDs are passed from one person to another when they

A

have sexual contact

with an infected person.

232
Q

Plants and animals look different from each other this is because

A

their cells

are different.

233
Q

A group of tissues make up an

A

organ

234
Q

?___ are cells that have not yet developed and have the capacity to
specialise into almost any type of cell in the human body.

A

Stem cells

235
Q

Adult cells can be collected from

A

blood, adipose or fat tissue and bone

marrow

236
Q

?_____ are harvested from the blood that is in the umbilical cord
when a baby is born.

A

Umbilical stem cells

237
Q

Embryonic stem cells are harvested from

A

human embryos.

238
Q

The most basic organism consists of cells, which group together to form

A

Tissues

239
Q

?___ system circulates blood though out your body with the help of
the heart, blood and blood vessels.

A

The respiratory

240
Q

The main function of the respiratory system is to

A

supply oxygen to all the parts
of your body when we breathe in and release carbon dioxide when we
breathe out.

241
Q

The ?_____ system is a series of organs that converts food into smaller
components so that nutrients can be easily absorbed by the body and
eliminates unused waste material.

A

digestive

242
Q

• The urinal system is also known as the .

A

renal system

243
Q

The ? system is the control centre of the human body.

A

nervous

244
Q

? system is responsible for the movement of the human body

A

The muscular

245
Q

The ?___ system breaks down food into dissolved nutrients that can be
absorbed into the blood stream and transported to cells throughout the body.

A

digestive

246
Q

?____ is a nutrient which nourishes the body.

A

Glucose

247
Q

Structure of digestive system

• The main components include

A

the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, intestines

and liver.

248
Q

• Ingestion- is the

A

consumption of food by biting, chewing and swallowing

249
Q

• Digestion- is the mechanical and chemical process

A

that changes food into

soluble nutrients.

250
Q

• ?____- happens when the soluble nutrients are taken up by the blood
stream the intestines.

A

Absorption

251
Q

? ____-occurs when undigested food materials, called faeces, are passed
out of the body through the anus

A

Egestion

252
Q

Ulcers, anorexia nervosa, diarrhoea, liver cirrhosis are health issues of the

A

digestive system.

253
Q

• The main parts of the circulatory system are the

A

heart, blood vessels and

blood.

254
Q

Humans have a closed blood system.

• This means that

A

the blood flows around the body contained in blood vessels.

255
Q

Arteries are blood vessels that transport blood

A

away from the heart.

256
Q

Arteries branch into very small blood vessel called

A

capillaries

257
Q

The walls of the capillaries consist of a single layer of cells, which allow

A

gases

and nutrients to pass through them easily.

258
Q

?______• pass from the blood across the capillary walls into the
cells.

A

Nutrients and oxygen

259
Q

•___?____ remove the carbon dioxide and other waste substances from the
cells.

A

The veins

260
Q

Main processes of the circulatory system

A

• Circulating blood between the heart and the lung

261
Q

The blood that goes from
the heart to the lungs is low in ?
but rich in ?

A

oxygen

carbon dioxide

262
Q

The blood that returns to the heart is rich in

A

oxygen

263
Q

The heart pumps oxygen rich blood from the lungs to

A

all living cells.

264
Q

High blood pressure, heart attack, stroke are health issues of the

A

circulatory

system.

265
Q

Heart rate

• It is the

A

number of times a heart beats per minute.

266
Q

The respiratory system

A

supplies oxygen to the body and for removing carbon

dioxide.

267
Q

The main parts of the respiratory system include the

A

nose, mouth, trachea,

lungs and blood.

268
Q

The trachea is the tube through which

A

the air travels to the lungs.

269
Q

It splits into the right and left __? which branch into smaller tubes.

A

bronchi

270
Q

• Breathing involves of two processes:

A

inhalation and exhalation.

271
Q

When breathing in the muscles in the ?_____ contract air is drawn into the
lungs.

A

thorax

272
Q

When breathing out the muscles ?_____, and air is forced out of the lungs

A

relax

273
Q

Breathing occurs because of ?_____ difference between the air in the
lungs and the air outside the body.

A

air pressure

274
Q

Gaseous exchange occurs in the ?___ of the lungs.

A

alveoli

275
Q

?_____ is the movement of molecules from an area where they are in high
concentration to an area where they are in a low concentration.

A

Diffusion

276
Q

The __? protects the body, provides support and enables movement.

A

skeleton

277
Q

?____ work together to create body movement.

A

Muscles and bones

278
Q

Structure of the musculoskeletal system

• The main parts are

A

muscles, bones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments.

279
Q

Bones are attached to muscles by

A

ligaments.

280
Q

Ligaments are flexible and prevent

A

dislocations of bones.

281
Q

Joints are found where

A

two or more bones meet in the body.

282
Q

• The main processes of the musculoskeletal system are:

A
  1. Contraction and relaxation of muscles.

2. Movement and locomotion.

283
Q

Muscles are made up of cells called

A

muscle fibres

284
Q

?____ directs messages to the muscles to contract or relax.

A

The brain

285
Q

Musculoskeletal muscles work in ?

A

pairs.

286
Q

Rickets, osteoporosis, arthritis are health issues of the

A

musculoskeletal

system.

287
Q

The ? systems remove’s waste from the blood and regulates the
body’s fluids.

A

excretory

288
Q

The excess water needs to be removed from the body. This is known as

A

osmoregulation.

289
Q

Structure of the excretory system

• The main components are

A

kidneys, bladder, and ureter

290
Q

Main process of the excretory system

• These processes include

A

filtration, absorption, diffusion and excretion.

291
Q

Filtration
• Filters separate the ?
• The waste products and excess water is now called a ?
• The filtrate ends up in small tubes inside the ?
• The blood which leaves the kidney is now purified of waste products.

A
  • waste products and a part of the water from the blood
  • filtrate..
  • kidney.
292
Q
  1. Absorption

• The main useful substances which are still in the filtrate such as ? , ? & ?get absorbed from the filtrate.

A

water,

glucose, and amino acids

293
Q
  1. Diffusion
A

• The waste products that are still in the blood diffuses from the blood into the
small tubes with the filtrates.

294
Q 
4. Excretion
• When all three processes have been completed, the fluid in the tubes is
known as 
• These small tubes conduct the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
•

•

A

urine.

urine to the ureter.

295
Q

The ureter conducts the urine to the

A

bladder.

296
Q

From the bladder, the urine leaves the body by means of the

A

urethra.

297
Q

• Kidney failure, bladder infection, kidney stones are health issues of the

A

excretory system

Jared (10 decks)

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