Geography Flashcards
Geography
explain the word economic
to do with wealth and money
explain the word social
related to communities and welfare
explain the word environmental
to do with resources and the environment
explain the word welfare
to do with health, comfort, and happiness
What are the 3 parts of development?
- Economic
- Social
- Environmental
Each aspect of development provides support for people’s general…..
welfare
Information about things such as wealth, health, and education are called….
development indicators
What do economic indicators inform us about?
The wealth and income of a country or region.
What is the most commonly used economic indicator?
Gross Domestic Product per capita
GDP
What is the GDP
The total value in money of the value of all goods and services produced by a country.
What does the GDP per capita indicate?
How much money every person in the country would have if all the money earned in one year was divided equally among the population.
How is GDP per capita calculated?
GDP per capita = GDP / Total Population
What do social indicators measure?
Things that are about the quality of life
What do environmental indicators measure?
Give examples
show the impact of human activity on the environment and natural resources
Eg) Health, education and housing
what is currency?
the kind of money used in a country
What do health problems in poorer countries lead to?
shorter life expectancy
High infant mortality
By how much has the world population increased in the last 50 years?
60%
What does the increase in population mean for the environment?
More resources are used
More waste is created
more damage is done to the environment
Name 4 examples of environmental indicators
- Percentage of polluting gases in the atmosphere
- The quality of non-renewable resources that are used
- The drop in fish stocks in the ocean
- The quality of water in the rivers and lakes
Why does there need to be a balance between economic, social and environmental goals in order for development to continue into the future,
Some countries have high per capita GDP and high social development but at the expense of the environment as they use a lot of resources and cause damage to the environment.
What is the Human Development Index (HDI)
An indicator that measures Wealth, education and health
How does the HDI classify countries?
- Health
- Life expectancy at birth - Living Standards
- GDP per capita - Education
- Average years of schooling
- Expected years of schooling
Does the HDI include any environmental development indicators
No
How often is the HDI calculated
Every year
Which 2 countries were ranked at the top of the HDI in 2011?
Norway
Australia
Which 2 countries were ranked at the bottom of the HDI in 2011?
Niger
The Democratic Republic of Congo
Where was South Africa ranked in the HDI in 2011?
123 out of 187
What does the map of the Human Development Index indicate?
The differences in development around the world.
What does MEDCs stand for?
- More Economically Developed Countries
(wealthier countries)
What does LEDC’s stand for?
Less Economically Developed Countries
poorer countries
What are the differences between MEDCs and LEDCs?
- Diet
- Types of jobs
- Infant mortality
- Population growth
- Exports
- people per doctor
- Life expectancy
- Housing
- Energy consumption
- Education
List the reasons that cause places to have different levels f development:
- Historical reasons
- Political stabilty
- Education
- Health and welfare
- Technology and Industrialisation
- Trade
What historical reason would influence the present development?
colonialism
what was the main aim of colonization?
to control the natural resources available as well as cheap labour in conquered lands.
What are multinationals?
Big companies, owned by people in MEDCs that do business all over the world.
They may support or exploit poorer countries
What is colonialism?
the policy of taking control of other countries in order to benefit from trade
What is colonisation?
taking control of a country for your own use
What is globalisation?
the economic, social and technological exchange between countries
By controlling trade in their colonies, the powerful European countries started a process of ….?……., which led to……..?
underdevelopment
unequal wealth between Europe and the colonised countries.
How did European countries control trade during colonisation?
the colonies were places where European countries could sell quality manufactured goods at high prices.
What was the first stage in which the more economically developed countries gained access to the resources of less economically developed countries?
Give an example.
Colonisation.
Eg. England’s exploitation of tea from India and Coffee from Kenya.
How is globalisation a continuation of the unequal trading relationship that began under colonialism?
Companies called multinationals use local raw materials and labour to produce goods in LEDCs.
The goods are sold at high prices in MEDCs
How is International trade benefitial?
It helps circulate natural resources and manufactured goods between different parts of the world.
How can trade hold back development?
- Big companies owned by people in rich countries (MEDCs) set up business operations in poorer countries (LEDCs)
- Rich countries pay low prices for raw materials in LEDCs countries.
- Workers and producers get low wages.
- Poor people do not have enough money.
- Poor people are poorly fed which leads to health problems.
- Governments do not collect enough taxes to provide social services such as education and health care.
- People do not become skilled and are unlikely to find employment.
How can trade lead to development?
- Countries receive higher prices for their products
- Workers receive higher wages
- Governments collect more taxes and provide better social services such as education and health care.
- People become more skilled and are healthier.
- Countries continue to sell manufactured goods at high prices.
When did The Less Economically Developed Countries first come into contact with manufactured goods and technology?
During colonisation.
What is self-sufficiency?
the ability to support oneself without depending on others.
What is industrialisation?
using manufacturing methods to produce goods
What is bio-engineering?
the use of engineering techniques to solve medical problems.
How does lack of healthcare and wellfare negatively affect development?
Sick people are unlikely to have an education.
Sick people are unlikely to work well.
Lack of welfare can put people at risk in circumstances such as natural distastes, abuse and violence.
In what ways does education improve development?
- Spreads knowledge
- knowledge can prevent diseases such as HIV
or treat illness - Produces skilled workers
- Creates a stable society
- Increases wealth
- Makes societies more stable
How does poor education affect the work force?
It remains low in skills and knowledge, unable to improve the quality of life.
What are politically stable countries or regions?
Places that are not experiencing conflict, war, political disturbances or social unrest.
Which countries have the highest political instability index score?
Countries engaged in war.
What 2 factors contribute towards South Africa’s high political instability index
Service delivery protests and strikes
What creates a trade gap betweeen MECDs and LECDs?
The price difference between raw materials and manufactured goods.
The LECDs do not earn enough money to buy the manufactured good they need to raise their development levels.
Most people in Ethiopia are farmers, half of them from coffee.
These farmers export raw coffee beans to Europe, where they make instant coffee.
The Europian coffee companies make more money than the coffee farmers, why is this?
The price of the raw material is so much lower than the price of the manufactured or processed products. Ethiopia sells the coffee beans to Europe at very low prices and Europe sell the processed coffee at very high prices.
How can processing raw materials increase development for a country.
- Processed or manufactured goods sell for higher prices than the raw material
- More jobs will be created for people
- More people will have money
- More people can afford education and healthcare
- More people eat better and are healthier
- The government collects more taxes
- The government can afford to provide better social services
What is alternative development?
It focuses on meeting basic human needs rather than just creating wealth for the people
what does the word “conventional”mean
the usual way of doing things
What factors does alternative development focus on?
- Health
- Basic Infrastructure
- Community Development
- Education
- Agricultural development
- Improved markets
- Environmental production
- Gender equality
- Security rule of law
Why is development that damages the environment, not real development?
The environment provides resources which, once used up or damaged, can not be used for development.
What is sustainable development?
development that meets peoples needs in the present, without making it difficult for them to meet their needs in the future.
What are the advantages of sustainable development?
- develops local skills’
- uses local resources
- Is inexpensive’
- Is careful not to damage the environment
- Does not use up too many resources
- Makes use of simple and appropriate technology
- encourages small scale community projects
- uses and cares for renewable resources
What is literacy?
The percentage of the population that can read and write
? photographs show view of the land taken from a camera attached
under an aeroplane.
Aerial
? photographs show the land from above at an angle.
Oblique aerial
? photographs show the land from directly about Earth’s surface.
Vertical aerial
Vertical aerial photographs help cartographers
view the Earth’s surface from
the same angle as a map
A ?___ is a symbolic horizontal line indicating the height and shape of
a slope
contour line
We use contour lines on maps to give us information about
the height and
shape of landscape feature such as hills, mountains and valleys.
We use ? on maps to represent objects that are on the
ground.
symbols and colours
Contour lines are a type of symbol that is used to show .
height on maps
The pattern that is made by the contour lines on a map show the height and
the ?___ of feature on land.
shape
The distance between each contour is known as contour
interval.
?____ study vertical aerial photographs, satellite images and land
surveys done on the ground, to find out as much as possible about the area.
Cartographers
Mountains, hills, spurs, and river valleys are popular features on ?
maps.
topographic
Gradient describes the
steepness of a slope.
Steepness tells us about the
angle of the slope
To calculate gradient we need to know the The formula that is used to calculate
gradient is as follows:
height between two places and the
horizontal distance between two places.
Gradient = Vertical height difference / Horizontal distance
We describe gradient as a
ratio.
An orthophoto image is a combination of a
vertical aerial photograph and a
map.
? use a computer programme to correct the scale and remove
distortions
Cartgraphers
Orthophoto maps have marked contours lines.
• They are in ? intervals.
5m
Orthophoto maps also show height using ?
(points marked with a
dot show the exact height of the land) e.g. on top of a hill.
spot height
Cartographers use ?___ to help create orthophoto maps
vertical photographs
A scale of 1:50 000 means one cm on the map represents ?
on the ground.
50 000cm or 500m
Topographic maps use ? to represent real objects.
symbols
Height can be shown on a typographic map in 4 ways:
- Contour Lines
- Spot heights
- Trigonometric beacons
- Benchmarks
The numbers always face up the slopes, this helps you to see if
a slope is
sloping up or down.
Spot heights
• They show
the exact height in metres, as a number next to the dot.
Trigonometric beacons (or trig beacons) .
• These are similar to spit heights.
• They are marked by a triangle.
• The numbers give height as a decimal e.g. 1134,3 means 1134 meters and
30 centimetres above sea level.
• South Africa has been entirely mapped using trig beacons.
• The number in italics is the number of each beacon
Benchmarks
• These are similar to spot heights and trig beacons, benchmarks also show
exact height.
• They are shown on maps as a number and arrow also shown in decimals.
