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WSET 3 > Natural Factors in the Vineyard that can influence style, quality and price of a wine > Flashcards

Natural Factors in the Vineyard that can influence style, quality and price of a wine Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the one natural factor in a vineyard that does not change.

A

CO2

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2
Q

What are the four natural factors in a vineyard that are constantly changing

A

Temperature, Sunlight, water and nutrients

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3
Q

What is the natural factor during the growing season that determines which grape varieties can grow where

A

The amount of heat

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4
Q

What are the six factors that affect heat during the growing season

A

Latitude, Altitude, Ocean currents, fog, soil, aspect

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5
Q

Most vineyards sit between what latitudes

A

30 degrees and 50 degrees

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6
Q

What does temperature do when altitude increases

A

temperatures drop

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7
Q

How do ocean currents affect heat?

A

Major currents transport large volumes of cold or warm water across surface of ocean leading to localised warming or cooling in certain wine regions.

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8
Q

What is a natural factor that can help cool in an area that may otherwise struggle to produce high-quality grapes?

A

Fog

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9
Q

What are two examples of ocean currents that cool regions that would otherwise be too hot?

A

Humboldt Current off Chile and Benguela Current off South Africa

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10
Q

What is an example of an ocean current that warms a region that would otherwise be too cold?

A

The Gulf Stream warms NW Europe

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11
Q

What are a few examples of areas where fog is very important to keep vines cool?

A

California and Casablanca Valley in Chile

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12
Q

What type of soil assists in ripening fruit in cool climate regions ?

A

Either dark colored soils or soil that has high stone and rock content which absorbs and/or radiates heat more than light colored soils.

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13
Q

What can happen when a soil has high water content?

A

They require more energy to heat up and conduct heat from the vine more quickly than dry soils, this can delay budburst

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14
Q

What is the direction in which a slope faces?

A

Aspect

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15
Q

Vineyards with an aspect facing XYX get the most heat.

A

Equator

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16
Q

In what climate is aspect most important for ripening?

A

Cool climate

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17
Q

What is an additional natural factor in a cool climate that can even enhance the effect of a positive aspect?

A

A steep slope, example is the Mosel, German

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18
Q

Two natural factors that affect heat?

A

Sun and reflection from soil

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19
Q

Two natural factors that affect sunlight?

A

Sun and reflection from water

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20
Q

What is the primary concern of a grape grower during the growing season?

A

Overall amount of heat

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21
Q

What are two other factors heat related that can impact how well a vine performs in a region?

A

Continentality and diurnal range

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22
Q

The temperature difference between the coldest and hottest months?

A

Continentality

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23
Q

What is low continentality?

A

Regions with less variations in temperature throughout the year

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24
Q

What type of natural factor can have both a warming effect during the year and a cooling effect during a year?

A

Proximity to a large body of water

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25
Q

Vineyard regions near large bodies of water generally have what type of continentality?

A

Low continentality. The water has warming effect in winter and cooling effect in summer.

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26
Q

Vineyard regions that are inland generally have what type of continentality?

A

High continentality and extreme temperature changes

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27
Q

What will determine the length of the growing season of a region?

A

The continentality

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28
Q

The length of the growing season has what impact on the vine?

A

Total heat available to the vine

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29
Q

What is the difference between daytime and nighttime temperature?

A

Diurnal Range

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30
Q

What temperature factor helps slow the loss of aromas and acidity in the grapes during ripening?

A

Cool nights

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31
Q

What temperature factor helps accelerate ripening?

A

Warm nights

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32
Q

In a warm or hot climate, what factors can exist to ensure your wines are fresher and more aromatic?

A

Large diurnal range or cool nights

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33
Q

Vineyards near seas and lakes have what type of diurnal range?

A

small diurnal range

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34
Q

Other than climate, What is another natural factor that influences diurnal range?

A

cloud cover

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35
Q

What can cloud cover influence?

A

At night, it acts as insulation and keeps vineyards warm (decreasing diurnal range) and in the morning it can keep the sunlight from hitting the ground (decreasing diurnal range)

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36
Q

What are the temperature hazards that face a vineyard?

A

Freeze, Spring frosts, too mild of winter, cold temps in spring, hot temps in summer

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37
Q

What is the temp that a vine can be seriously damaged by freeze or killed

A

-20c

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38
Q

What part of the vine is most at risk when a freeze occurs?

A

The graft

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39
Q

What is the process used to protect the graft in the event of a freeze?

A

Earthing up

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40
Q

What happens if winter is too mild?

A

The vine may not have a dormant period causing lower quality grapes and more exposure to insects

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41
Q

What is a spring frost?

A

When cold air below 0 degrees celcius collects at ground level. Kills newly burst buds or young shoots

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42
Q

What are four ways to minimize risk of spring frosts?

A

Heaters, Wind machines, sprinklers and thoughtful vineyard design.

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43
Q

Where is frost most likely in a vineyard?

A

The lowest point on the vineyard as cold air sinks

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44
Q

What affect does cold temperatures in spring have?

A

May delay budburst, shortens growing season

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45
Q

What affect does hot temperatures in summer have?

A

slows vine activity and delays ripening, can kill vines

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46
Q

What are three factors affecting sunlight?

A

Latitude, Seas and Lakes, Aspect

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47
Q

How does latitude affect sunlight?

A

Day length during the growing season is longer the further the vineyard is away from the equator

48
Q

How do seas and lakes affect sunlight on vineyard?

A

Vineyards near large bodies of water experience more cloud cover, In some cases, vineyards situated about lakes or rivers can benefit from sunlight reflection off the water

49
Q

What can a grapegrower do to maximize sunlight in cloudy areas or protect grapes from sunburn in sunny regions?

A

Canopy management

50
Q

What is transpiration?

A

When a vine access water through its roots and draws the water up through its leaves

51
Q

Once the canopy has grown what can a grapegrower due to enhance grape ripening.

A

Limit further water so that the vine focuses its energy on ripening the grapes and not growing more leaves

52
Q

What are the three supplemental ways to water a vineyard other than rain?

A

Drip Irrigation, Sprinklers and flood irrigation

53
Q

What is the most advanced and most expensive watering system?

A

Drip Irrigation

54
Q

Most common way to water vineyard?

A

Sprinklers, but wastes lots of water

55
Q

Cheapest way to water vineyard?

A

Flood Irrigation

56
Q

What are the three water hazards a vine can experience?

A

Drought and Too much water, hail

57
Q

What does a drought do to a vine?

A

Stops transpiration, ultimately will stop photosynthesis

58
Q

What does too much water do to a vine?

A

Vine becomes too vigorous and grows shoot and leaves leaving less sugar for the grapes which causes problems for grapes to ripen

59
Q

Name 2 negative rain events

A

1) during flowering or fruit set (reduces crop), 2)Heavy rain before harvest (causes grapes to swell and split

60
Q

What are three factors that determine an overall climate for a region?

A

Temperature, sunlight and water availability

61
Q

Difference between a region’s climate vs region’s weather?

A

Climate does not change, but the weather is the annual variation that happens relative to the climatic average

62
Q

How do you define a region’s temperature?

A

The average temperature during the growing season. (April to October)

63
Q

Cool climate temperatures?

A

Below 16.5 degrees celsius

64
Q

Moderate climate temperatures?

A

Between 16.5 and 18.5

65
Q

Warm climate temperatures?

A

Between 18.5 and 21

66
Q

Hot climate temperatures?

A

Excess of 21

67
Q

Characteristics of a continental climate?

A

high continentality, short but dry summer with large autumn drop in temp, high risk of spring frost.

68
Q

What types of varietals are best suited for continental climate?

A

Varieties that bud late and ripen early

69
Q

Characteristics of maritime climate?

A

cool to moderate temperature and low continentality, rainfall spread through year moderates temperatures

70
Q

What type of varietals are best suited for maritime climates?

A

Varieties that are thick-skinned and ripen late in the season,

71
Q

What are the characteristics of a mediterranean climate?

A

low continentality, summers are warm and dry,

72
Q

Name some regions with mediterranean climate?

A

coastal California, Chile, South Africa, South Eastern Australia

73
Q

What types of wines are produced in mediterranean regions?

A

extra warmth and sunlight leads to full bodied wines, riper tannins, higher alcohol and low acidity

74
Q

What is the most crucial element of soil composition?

A

The size of the soil particles. Stones are largest, then sand, then clay

75
Q

What is the ideal watering plan for a vineyard?

A

Good supply of water during the early season then followed by mild stress after veraison

76
Q

Type of soil that holds water the best?

A

Clay

77
Q

Type of soil that provides the best drainage?

A

Stones and sand

78
Q

What is loam?

A

It is generally the best soil type which is a mixture of sand and clay particles that gives good drainage but also retains enough water

79
Q

What are three most important nutrients for soil?

A

Sodium, Potassium and Phosphorus

80
Q

What is chlorisis?

A

When a vine is lacking nutrients, leaves turn yellow and vine cannot photosynthesize

81
Q

When selecting a site for a vineyard, what three things need to be considered?

A

Environmental conditions, business considerations and grape variety

82
Q

What is business considerations when choosing a vineyard site?

A

proximity to utility infrastructure, (power, water etc), availability of vineyard workforce, accessibility of machinery and cost of land

83
Q

When does first yield come in a newly planted vineyard?

A

In the 3rd year after planting

84
Q

Most vines are replaced after how many years?

A

Between 30 and 50 years old

85
Q

What are the four main techniques to managing a vine?

A

Training, pruning, trellising and density of planting

86
Q

Two types of vine training?

A

Head training and cordon training

87
Q

Which type of vines have little permanent wood?

A

head trained vines

88
Q

How are head trained vines pruned?

A

Either spur pruned or replacement cane pruned

89
Q

Which type of vine has a lot of permanent wood?

A

Cordon trained vines

90
Q

How do you usually prune cordon trained vines?

A

spur pruned

91
Q

What are the two styles of winter pruning?

A

spur pruning and replacement cane pruning

92
Q

What is the main purpose of winter vine pruning?

A

To determine the number and location of the buds that will form shoots in the upcoming growing season

93
Q

What is the main purpose of summer pruning?

A

Trimming the canopy to restrict vegetative growth and direct the sugar production to the grape

94
Q

What is the benefit of trellised vines?

A

They can be machine harvested, can control the amount of sunlight the grapes receive, improves air circulation

95
Q

Where are untrellised vines best-suited?

A

Hot sunny places such as Southern Rhone or Barossa Valley in Australia, extra shade is necessary

96
Q

What is the most widely used trellis system?

A

Vertical Shoot Position (vsp)

97
Q

What are the factors you should consider when deciding how densely to plant the vines?

A

Availability of nutrients and water, high density helps check vigor, or low density helps in situations of limited water availablity

98
Q

Name some common vineyard pests?

A

Nematodes (worms), birds and mammals, insects

99
Q

Name some common vineyard diseases?

A

Phylloxera, down and powdery mildew, grey rot

100
Q

How can you use canopy management as a way to fight disease?

A

An open vine canopy creates more airflow which promotes evaporation and keeps conditions more dry

101
Q

What are three options that grapegrowers can use to reduce chemicals in their vineyards?

A

Sustainable agriculture, Organic agriculture and biodynamic agriculture

102
Q

Difference between sustainable ag and organic ag?

A

man-made chemicals are not prohibited in sustainable ag but their use is restricted, certification is required to call yourself organic

103
Q

What is biodynamic ag?

A

Organic practices that also incorporates philosophy and cosmology where the vineyard is seen as part of a connected system with the planet.

104
Q

When are grapes ready for harvest?

A

When the grape has achieved the ideal balance of acid, sugar, flavor and tannins that are ideal for the intended style of winemaking.

105
Q

Can a machine harvest grapes with whole bunches?

A

No

106
Q

what are two examples of wines that require whole bunches?

A

beaujolais and champagne

107
Q

What are some examples of steep vineyards where only hand harvesting is an option?

A

Mosel, Germany; Douro in Portugal, Northern Rhone in France

108
Q

What are the natural factors in the vineyard that influence the vine?

A

species, varieties, clones, crossings, hybrids, green parts, one year old wood, permanent wood

109
Q

What five natural factors does the vine need?

A

Warmth, sunlight, carbon dioxide, nutrients, water

110
Q

What are the six phases of the vines growth cycle?

A

Dormancy, budburst, flowering, fruitset, veraison, ripening

111
Q

What are the six components of the grape?

A

water, sugar, acids, colours, tannins, flavor

112
Q

What are the seven climate options?

A

Cool, moderate, warm, hot, mediterranean, continental, maritime,

113
Q

Factors influencing the regional climate?

A

Latitude, altitude, oceans, large lakes, aspect, continentality, diurnal range

114
Q

Factors influencing site climate?

A

Aspect, soil (heat and drainage) fog, bodies of water

115
Q

What affect can weather have on the wine production?

A

Vintage variation

116
Q

What two critical things does the soil impart to the vine?

A

Water supply and nutrients

WSET 3 (16 decks)

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