Nasm CPT7 section 3 Flashcards
Myofibrilsc
The contractile components of a muscle cell; the myofilaments (actin and myosin) are contained within a myofibril.
Atrium (atria)
Superior chamber(s) of the heart that gathers blood returning to the heart.
Ventricle
Inferior chamber of the heart that pumps blood to the lungs and body.
End-diastolic volume
The filled volume of the ventricle before contraction.
End-systolic volume
The volume of blood remaining in the ventricle after ejection.
Bradycardia
When the heart rate is less than 60 beats per minute.
Tachycardia
When the heart rate is greater than 100 beats per minute.
Arteries
Vessels that transport blood away from the heart.
Vessels that transport blood back to the heart.
Veins
Small arteries that eventually divide into capillaries.
Arterioles
Small veins that allows blood to drain from capillaries into the larger veins.
Venules
Vasculogenesis
The formation of new capillaries.
Angiogenesisls.
The formation of new capillaries from existing blood vesse
Hypertension
Consistently elevated blood pressure.
The amount of resistance in the arteries that must be overcome for blood to flow.
Peripheral resistance
Valsalva maneuver
A process that involves expiring against a closed windpipe, creating additional intra-abdominal pressure and spinal stability.
The Valsalva maneuver will temporarily increase blood pressure. This technique should be minimized when training a client diagnosed with high blood pressure (hypertension).
Diffusion
The process of getting oxygen from the environment to the tissues of the body.
Tachypnea
Respiratory rate that is too fast; greater than 24 breaths per minute.
Bradypnea
Respiratory rate that is too slow; fewer than 8 breaths per minute
Dyspnea
Shortness of breath or labored breathing.
Enzyme
A substance in the body that causes a specific reaction or change.
Glands
Cells that release substances into the bloodstream (such as hormones) or other surface of the body.
Cell that receives a message from a hormone or enzyme. Target cells exert an action after being stimulated or activated.
Target (receptor) cell
A gland located in the brain that communicates with the pituitary gland.
Hypothalamus
Pineal gland
A small gland in the brain that secretes the hormone melatonin, which helps regulate sleep cycles.
Pancreas
An organ with numerous functions, including the production of insulin, glucagon, and digestive juices
An endocrine gland, located in the anterior neck, responsible for the secretion of many hormones, including thyroxin and calcitonin.
Thyroid gland
An endocrine gland that controls the secretion of many hormones, including growth hormone.
Pituitary gland
A gland, located just above the kidneys, responsible for the secretion of catecholamines and cortisol.
Adrenal gland
Glands, such as the ovaries or testes, that serve sex-specific functions.
Reproductive glands
Substrates
Intermediate forms of nutrients used in metabolic reactions to create adenosine triphosphate.
Glucagon
A hormone secreted by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose and functions opposite to insulin.
Catecholamines
Hormones produced by the adrenal glands that are part of the stress response known as the fight-or-flight response.
Catabolic
Metabolic process that breaks down molecules into smaller units used for energy.
Gluconeogenesis
The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources (proteins and fats).
Overtraining
Excessive frequency, volume, or intensity of training, resulting in reduction of performance, which is also caused by a lack of proper rest and recovery.
Anabolic
Metabolic process that synthesizes smaller molecules into larger units used for building and repairing tissues.
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
The amount of energy required to maintain the body at rest.
Calcitonin
Thyroid hormone that helps the body use calcium properly to aid with maintaining bone mineral density.
Gall bladder
An organ found below the liver, on the right side of the body, that receives bile from the liver and secretes it into the duodenum.
Liver
An organ in the upper-right abdominal cavity with numerous functions, including the production and secretion of bile, which is stored and concentrated in the gall bladder prior to release into the duodenum.
Motility
In the digestive system, refers to movements of the anatomical structures that allow contents to pass through.
Mastication
The mechanical process whereby the oral muscles break down food.
Peristalsis
The muscle action of the gastrointestinal system that pushes food through the body during digestion.
The anatomical part of the digestive tract that allows food to pass from oral cavity to stomach.
Esophagus
Chyme
A semifluid mass of digested food that is passed from the stomach to the small intestine.
Duodenum
Part of the small intestine that resides between the stomach and the jejunum.
Part of the small intestine that resides between the duodenum and the ileum.
Jejunum
The final section of the small intestine, located between the jejunum and the cecum and leads to the large intestine.
Ileum
Regional interdependence model
The concept describing the integrated functioning of multiple body systems or regions of the body.
Movement of a limb that is visible.
Osteokinematics
Lateral flexion
Bending of the spine from side to side.
A movement in which the inferior calcaneus (heel bone) moves laterally. The bottom of foot faces outward.
Eversion
A movement in which the inferior calcaneus (heel bone) moves medially. Bottom of foot faces inward.
Inversion
Inward rotation of the forearm from a palm-up position to a palm-down position.
Radioulnar pronation
Outward rotation of the forearm from a palm-down position to a palm-up position.
Radioulnar supination
Biomechanical motion of the lower extremities during walking, running, and sprinting.
Gait
A state where a lack of neuromuscular support leads to a joint having more range of motion than it should, greatly increasing the risk of injury at that joint.
Hypermobility
When range of motion at a joint is limited.
Hypomobility
Feed-forward activation
When a muscle is automatically activated in anticipation of a movement.
Series elastic component
Springlike noncontractile component of muscle and tendon that stores elastic energy.
Sensorimotor integration
Cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement.
First law of thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed but merely converted from one form to another.
Ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1
The point at which the body uses an equal mix of carbohydrate and fat as fuel sources.
The point where glucose provides nearly all of the energy for the activity.
Ventilatory threshold 2 (VT2)
When calorie intake is lower than the number of calories expended.
Negative energy balance
The formation of ketone bodies from nonfat sources, such as certain amino acids.
Ketogenesis
Water-soluble molecules produced in the liver as a result of fatty acid oxidation. They can then be oxidized in the mitochondria to produce adenosine triphosphate.
Ketone bodies
A state of carbohydrate depletion where the liver manufactures ketone bodies to meet energy demands that free fatty acid oxidation cannot support.
Ketosis
Isolated ketone bodies usually consumed in supplement form.
Exogenous ketones
Metabolic acidosis induced by very high levels of ketone bodies such as seen in type 1 diabetes or severe insulin resistance.
Ketoacidosis
The breakdown of amino acids into substrates that can be used for energy metabolism.
Deamination
Aerobic exercise that remains at a relatively constant intensity, including a stable heart rate and oxygen consumption.
Steady-state aerobic exercise
A process in which the body breaks down existing proteins and recycles the component amino acids for incorporation into new proteins or other nitrogen-containing compounds.
Protein turnover
A diet that consists of both animals and plants.
Omnivorous diet
Mutual supplementation
Combination of two incomplete protein sources that together provide all of the essential amino acids.
Protein efficiency ratio (PER)
A measure of assessing proteins, based on the amount of weight gained by a test subject divided by the amount of intake of a protein food.
Biological value (BV
A reference amount used to describe the extent to which the amino acids in a protein source are absorbed.
Enterocyte
Intestinal cells that absorb nutrients.
Polysaccharides
A type of carbohydrate composed of long chains of glucose units; starch and glycogen are examples of polysaccharides.
Adipose tissue
An alternative term for fat, used primarily to store energy.
Glycemic load (GL)
Similar to glycemic index but takes into account the amount of food (carbohydrate) eaten.
Phospholipids
Type of lipid (fat) comprised of glycerol, two fatty acid chains, and a phosphate group.
A group of lipids with a ringlike structure. Cholesterol is a type of sterol.
Sterols
Unsaturated fats
Fatty acids with one or more points of unsaturation (double bond) in their chemical structure.
A type of triglyceride; chemical structure has no double bonds (points of unsaturation); usually solid at room temperature. Examples: butter, lard, whole milk, beef, processed meats, and tropical oils.
Saturated fat
Lingual lipase
An enzyme in saliva that begins the process of lipid digestion in the mouth.
Chylomicrons
Molecules of fat that contain triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, fat-soluble vitamins, and protein. They are formed by intestinal cells after the digestion of lipid-containing foods
A group of soluble proteins that combine with and transport fat or other lipids in the blood plasma.
Lipoprotein
An enzyme that breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids.
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL)
Metabolites
The formation of a substance required for metabolism.
how much water a day for men and for women
L11.5 cups per dayfor women (2.7)and around 15.5 cups for men (3.7
Hypotonic
A solution with a lower solute load/concentration than body fluids.
Isotonic
A solution with a similar solute load/concentration as body fluids.
Hypertonic
A solution with a higher solute load/concentration than body fluids.
Peptide YY
Called peptide tyrosine and is a peptide that is released in the colon during feeding.
Ghrelin
the hunger hormone that stimulates appetite.
Hypothyroidism
Low activity of the thyroid gland that can disrupt heart rate, body temperature, and metabolism.
Cushing’s syndrome
A hormone disorder that causes abnormally high levels of cortisol in the body.
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
A hormone disorder that occurs in women of childbearing age that causes irregular periods, excess levels of the male hormone androgen, small cysts on the outer edges of the ovaries, and obesity.
Nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)
Energy expenditure through daily activities outside of structured exercise, such as walking, completing household chores, and taking the stairs.
The RDA for protein
is 0.8 g/kg bodyweight (considered a minimum to maintain nitrogen balance).
The AMDR for protein
is 10% to 35% of total calories.
The AMDR for carbohydrate
is 45% to 65% of calories in the diet.
Fiber recommendations:
25–28 g of fiber per day for women (aged 19–50 years) and 30–34 g of fiber per day for men aged 19–50 years.
The AMDR for lipids
is 20% to 35% of total calories.
what vitimins are fat soluble.
Vitamins A, D, E, and K
Water-soluble vitamins include
vitamin C and B vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate, B12, pantothenic acid, biotin).
Hydration guidelines for athletes
include 12–16 oz of fluid every 10–15 minutes for activities longer than 60 minutes.
Athletes should replace fluid at ———amount of body weight lost during an event.
1.25 times
Sports drinks may b
e hypotonic (lower concentration than body fluids), isotonic (similar concentration as body fluids), or hypertonic (higher concentration than body fluids).
Biologically active
The form in which a vitamin must be to exert an effect within the body.
Biologically inactive
Any form of vitamin that cannot exert its effect within the body.
Beta-carotene
The red-orange pigment found in vegetables and fruits that is converted to vitamin A in the body.
Rickets
A
bone weakness disease caused by vitamin D deficiency.
Platelet aggregation
An accumulation of blood cells prior to a clot.
Collagen
A protein found in connective tissue, muscles, and skin that provides strength and structure. It is the most abundant protein in the human body.
Scurvy
A disease resulting from insufficient vitamin C and characterized by spontaneous bleeding (usually of the gums), anemia, swelling, weakened joints, and loss of teeth.
Beriberi
A thiamine deficiency that can result in inflammation or degeneration of the heart and nerves, peripheral neuropathy, and impaired motor function.
Pellagra
A niacin or tryptophan deficiency that leads to a skin rash (dermatitis), digestive disorders (diarrhea), and mood or cognitive decline (dementia).
Spina bifida
A birth defect, and type of neural tube defect, when the spine and spinal cord do not form properly.
Amenorrheic
Absence of menstruation.
Lacto-ovo vegetarian
A vegetarian diet that also includes dairy and eggs.
Ovo-vegetarian
A vegetarian diet that also includes eggs.
Hypercalcemia
Excess blood calcium levels.
Heme
A type of iron found in animal foods.
A type of iron found in animal foods.
Nonheme
Hemochromatosis
A disease in which the body absorbs too much iron from consumed foods.
Branched chain amino acids (BCAAs)
The three essential amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) that are abundant in skeletal muscle tissue and named for their branchlike structures.
Endogenous
Produced or synthesized within an organism.
Phosphagen
High-energy molecule that releases energy when its bonds are broken.
Creatine monohydrate
The most common, and likely most effective, form of creatine available as a dietary supplement.c
Gynecomastia
A condition in males characterized by breast tissue growth.
Ephedra
A plant-sourced alkaloid with metabolism-enhancing effects. It is an illegal supplement in the United States and the European Union
An effective dose of creatine is
at least 0.03 g per kg body weight, but a typical dose at 5 g per day ensures complete muscle saturation.
