Myeloid Malignancy

Question 1

state the four main types of myeloid malignancies?

Answer 1

chronic myeloid leukaemia
acute myeloid leukaemia
Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)
Myeloproliferative Diseases (MPD)

Question 2

does chronic or acute myeloid leukaemia use bone marrow failure?

Answer 2

acute myeloid leukaemia

Question 3

what gene is responsible for the translocation mutation of t(9;22)

Answer 3

gene BCR-ABL

Question 4

what medication stops the gene BCR-ABL from working?

Answer 4

tyrosine kinase inhibitor

Question 5

does bone marrow failure occur in chronic myeloid leukaemia ?

Answer 5

no

Question 6

what are some symptoms of chronic myeloid leukaemia ?

Answer 6

anaemia 
splenomegaly 
weight loss 
gout 
hyperleukostasis

Question 7

what is hyperleukostasis?

Answer 7

total leukemia blood cell count greater than 50 x 109/L

Question 8

what do the blood results show in AML?

Answer 8

high WCC/platelets
anaemia
bone marrow is hyper cellular

Question 9

what is the treatment of CML?

Answer 9

tyrosine kinase inhibitors

Question 10

what is a cure for AML?

Answer 10

bone marrow transplantation

Question 11

state the features of bone marrow failure?

Answer 11

anaemia
thrombocytopenia
infection due to neutropenia

Question 12

what is the treatment for AML?

Answer 12

supportive care
anti-leukaemic chemo
stem cell transplantation
targeted antibodies

Question 13

what investigations should be done for AML?

Answer 13

blood count and blood film
bone marrow aspirate
cytogenetics of leukaemic blasts
molecular genetics for associated acquired gene mutations

Question 14

state some associated been mutations with AML?

Answer 14

FLT3
NPM1
IDH 1 and 2

Question 15

what age is myelodysplastic syndromes common in?

Answer 15

old age

Question 16

what are the two symptoms of myelodysplastic syndromes?

Answer 16

macrocytic anaemia

pancytopenia

Question 17

what is the treatment for myelodyaplastic syndromes?

Answer 17

supportive

stem cell transplantation

Question 18

does acute or chronic myeloid leukaemia have high or low platelet count?

Answer 18

acute = low 
high = high

Question 19

what are the three types of myeloproliferative disorders?

Answer 19

polycythaemia vera
essential thrombocythaemia
idiopathic myelofibrosis

Question 20

state the mutation that causes polycythaemia vera?

Answer 20

JAK2

Question 21

what does the JAK2 mutation lead to

Answer 21

increased phosphorylation

Question 22

what happens to cell counts in polycythaemia vera?

Answer 22

increased haemoglobin, haematocritt, platelets, WCC and megakaryocytes
raised uric acid
increased neutrophils and lymphocytes

Question 23

state some symptoms of polycythaemia vera?

Answer 23

headaches 
itch 
thrombosis 
TIA/stroke 
splenomegaly

Question 24

what is the treatment for polycythaemia vera?

Answer 24

venesection - removal of blood, since plasma is produced faster than RBCs
aspirin
inhibitor of JAK2

Question 25

what cell is increased in Essential Thrombocythaemia?

Answer 25

increase of platelets

Question 26

state some symptoms of Essential Thrombocythaemia?

Answer 26

arterial and venous thromboses digital ischaemia gout

Question 27

what occurs in idiopathic myelofibrosis ?

Answer 27

fibrosis in bone marrow due to megakaryocytes | - It makes fewer red blood cells and usually too many white blood cells.

Question 28

can leukaemic cells differentiate in acute or chronic myeloid leukaemia ?

Answer 28

can differentiate in chronic myeloid leukaemia

Question 29

what is the prognosis of chronic myeloid leukaemia ?

Answer 29

survival is a few years and is incurable without bone marrow transplantation

Question 30

what are the two main types of acute myeloid leukaemia ?

Answer 30

Acute Myeloblastic Leukaemia (AML) Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL)