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Mycology Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Long strands of tubelike structures. Made of chitin.

A

Hyphae

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2
Q

mat or growth of many hyphae

A

Mycelia

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3
Q

Mycelia growing above the agar

A

Aerial

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4
Q

Mycelia growing down into agar to obtain nutrients

A

Vegitative

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5
Q

Transverse subdivision of cells in hyphae

A

Septation

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6
Q

Lack of subdivision of cells in hyphae

A

Aseptate or “Sparsely Septate”

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7
Q

Dimorphic

A

a fungus that lives as a mold in the environment but as a yeast at body temp

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8
Q

Swollen structure at the end of conidiophore

A

Vesicle

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9
Q

flask-shaped segments which produce conidia

A

Phialides

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10
Q

Small, unicellular, round; borne on side of hyphal strand

A

Microconidia

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11
Q

Large, multiseptate, club of spindle-shaped; borne on conidiophore

A

Macroconidia

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12
Q

Budding forms produced by yeast

A

blastospores/blastoconidia

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13
Q

elongated blastoconidia that remain attached

A

Pseudohyphae

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14
Q

round, thick-walled resistant spores observed at the hyphal tip, on sides of hyphae, or within hyphal strand

A

Chlamydospores/chlamydoconidia. Associated with Candida albicans

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15
Q

Spores formed directly from hyphae by fragmentation of the points of septation

A

Arthrospores/arthroconidia

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16
Q

Formed by sexual reproduction by the fusion of 2 nuclei into a zygote

A

Ascospore

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17
Q

Hyphae and conidia appear clear or colorless

A

Hyaline

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18
Q

Hyphae and conidia appear dark brown due to melanin production

A

Dematiaceous

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19
Q

Asexual form of a fungus

A

Anamorph

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20
Q

Sexual form of a fungus with structures like ascospores or cleistothecia

A

Teleomorph

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21
Q

Primary routine media for fungi

A

Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SAB)

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22
Q

Primary media for isolating Histoplasma and Blastomyces

A

Brain Heart Infusion Agar (BHI)

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23
Q

Primary media for recovering dermatophytes

A

Mycosel agar

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24
Q

What major difference is there between fungal and bacterial culture media?

A

Fungi use screw-cap tubes instead of plates to limit spore disseminations. Cap is kept semi-loose to allow them some O2.

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25
Q

Soap-like substance in media to differentiate yeast

A

Cornmeal Agar with Tween 80

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26
Q

Used to identify Cryptococcus neoformans. Turns deep brown to maroon if positive.

A

Niger Seed Agar (Birdseed Agar)

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27
Q

Used to stimulate sporulation of dermatophytes and pigment production

A

Potato Dextrose Agar

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28
Q

Media turns red if dermatophyte, can differentiate fungal infection from eczema

A

Dermatophyte Test Medium (i.e. Acuderm)

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29
Q

Urea Agar

A

helps differentiate several yeast and mold species

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30
Q

Fungal Culture growth conditions

A

30C for four weeks

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31
Q

Lactophenol cotton blue

A

Phenol kills fungi, cotton blue stains fruiting bodies and hyphae. Used for wet mount.

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32
Q

Modified Acid-Fast Stain

A

Used to ID Actinomycetes. Nocardia is positive. Uses a milder decolorizer than Acid Fast

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33
Q

10% KOH prep

A

Dissolves hair, nails, and skin, makes fungi more visible. Results are “yeast”, “mycelium”, or “none”.

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34
Q

India Ink Prep

A

Used to detect capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans, usually in CSF

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35
Q

Calcofluor white

A

Fluorescent stain that is taken up by chitin, requires fluorescent microscope

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36
Q

Macro: Rapid grower, bluish-green with white apron. Colorless reverse.
Micro: chains of spherical conidia on brush-like phialides

A

Penicillium

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37
Q

Macro: Rapid grower. Olive to pink or white. Off-white reverse.
Micro: Hyaline, septate, branched (spread out) conidiophores, chains of oval conidia

A

Paecilomyces

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38
Q

Macro: Rapid grower. Light brown and powdery (like cinnamon) with tan periphery. Tan reverse.
Micro: Large, thick-walled, round, spiny (echinulate)

A

Scopulariopsis

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39
Q

Macro: Rapid grower. White, yellow, rose, or gray. Yellow or pinkish reverse.
Micro: Think, delicate hyphae. Conidia in 1-2 cell clusters like sticky rice.

A

Acremonium

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40
Q

Macro: Rapid grower. Wooly, white to pink purple or brown. Light reverse.
Micro: Large canoe-shaped macroconidia AND small 1-2 cell clusters resembling sticky rice.

A

Fusarium

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41
Q

Macro: Rapid grower. Wooly, white to pink or green. White reverse.
Micro: spherical conidia in clusters at the phialide tips

A

Gliocladium

42
Q

Macro: Rapid grower. White with concentric green rings.
Micro: Flask-shaped phialides with round, single celled and clustered conidia

A

Trichoderma

43
Q

Macro: Yellow or white
Micro: Large round, knobby conidia (look like viruses)

A

Sepedonium

44
Q

Macro: White to pale pinkish. White reverse.
Micro: Small, thin, and delicate single-celled conidia on flask-shaped conidiophores

45
Q

Macro: White, yellow, or pink.
Micro: Septate and hyaline hyphae. Single-celled conidia directly on hyphae.

A

Chrysosporium

46
Q

Macro: white yellow, beige, orange, or brownish. Granular to cottony.
Micro: Septate and hyaline hyphae. No conidiophores, arthroconidia alternating with empty cells.

A

Malbranchea

47
Q

Macro: Wooly, dark gray green like a sweater. Black reverse.
Micro: Dark hyphae are septate, large club-shaped conidia like chicken legs

A

Alternaria

48
Q

Macro: Grey-green, dark brown. Black reverse.
Micro: Thick walled conidia have 3-5 chambers with transverse septations

49
Q

Macro: Dark gray to black and cottony. Black reverse.
Micro: Large, dark club-shaped conidia with transverse septations

A

Helminthosporium

50
Q

Macro: Rapid grower. Green-brown and suede-like. Black reverse.
Micro: Chains of oval conidia in brush-like clusters. Free conidia have dark attachment scars.

A

Cladosporium

51
Q

Macro: Dark olive green to brown or black. Black reverse.
Micro: Swelling of central cell in 4-cell conidia cause “boomerang” appearance

A

Curvularia

52
Q

Macro: Dark brown to black, cottony. Black reverse.
Micro: Septations within circular conidia are transverse and longitudinal

A

Ulocladium

53
Q

Macro: Cottony white to tan. Orange-tan to brown or black reverse.
Micro: Septate with large, round perithecia. Tentacle-like filaments rupture to release ascospores

A

Chaetomium

54
Q

Macro: Powdery grayish-brown or greenish. Brown to black reverse. Can diffuse red-brown pigment.
Micro: Large fruiting bodies called pycnidia. Openings through which conidia are released.

55
Q

Macro: Black, sludgy with gray fringe. Black reverse.
Micro: Young colonies produce yeast-like cells.

A

Aureobasidium pullulans

56
Q

Macro: White, cottony, turns black with age.
Micro: Dark, oval, single celled conidia in clusters
Produces mycotoxins, “sick building syndrome”

A

Stachybotrys

57
Q

What is the difference between sporangia and conidia?

A

Conidia are “naked” spores, sporangia is a sac-like structure and spores burst out

58
Q

Root-like mycelium structures

59
Q

Macro: Lid lifter. Wooly, grayish
Micro: Hyaline, wide, aseptate. Rare rhizoids appear internodally between sporangiophores

A

Lichtheimia complex (Absidia)

60
Q

Macro: Lid lifter. Wooly, gray to brown
Micro: Hyaline, aseptate. Large, round, branched sporangia. No rhizoids form.

61
Q

Macro: Lid lifter. Wooly, white to gray or brown
Micro: Hyaline, aseptate, unbranched sporangia with “collapsed umbrella” appearance. Nodal rhizoids.

62
Q

Macro: Lid lifter. White, fluffy that turns gray to black.
Micro: Broad, hyaline, aseptate. “Daisy-head” appearance with cylindrical mesosporangia

A

Syncephalastrum

63
Q

Macro: Lid lifter.
Micro: Long branched sporangiophore ending with swollen vesicle. Spine-like denticIes with round sporangioles

A

Cunninghamella

64
Q

Macro: Lid lifter.
Micro: Inward-curving sporangiophores encrusted with calcium oxalate

A

Circinella

65
Q

Aspergillus - Common Characteristics

A
  • Rapid grower
  • Hyaline
  • Produce Foot Cell
66
Q

Macro: Grey-green with white apron. Pretty.
Micro: club-shaped vesicle, uniseriate phialides over upper 2/3 bearing long chains of conidia

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

67
Q

Macro: Powdery, coarse, black, granular
Micro: Jet black conidia

A

Aspergillus niger

68
Q

Macro: Yellow-green or yellow brown
Micro: Conidia cover entire surface of vesicle like a dandelion gone to seed

A

Aspergillus flavus

69
Q

Macro: Rapid grower with cinnamon brown surface
Micro: small dome shaped vesicle, biseriate covering upper portion of vesicle

A

Aspergillus terreus

70
Q

Macro: Rapid grower, green or tan colonies. Possible red exudate.
Micro: Reduced conidial heads resemble Penicillium

A

Aspergillus versicolor

71
Q

Macro: green with white apron
Micro: Q-tip appearance of vesicles

A

Aspergillus clavatus

72
Q

Macro: Thermally dimorphic fungi
Micro: Yeast phase forms sausage-shaped cells. Red diffusible pigment.

A

Penicillium marneffei

73
Q

Tinea pedis

A

athlete’s foot

74
Q

Tinea unguium

A

infection of the nails

75
Q

Tinea corporis

76
Q

Tinea barbae

A

Barber’s itch, infection of the bearded areas of face and neck

77
Q

Tinea capitis

A

ringworm of the scalp

78
Q

Tinea favosa (favus)

A

chronic ringworm of the scalp causing scarring and baldness. Growth of cup-shaped crusts called scutula

79
Q

Tinea cruris

80
Q

Tinea versicolor

A

Brownish skin discoloration of the chest and back that fluoresces under the Wood’s lamp

81
Q

Common causative organism of Tinea versicolor, “spaghetti and meatballs” on 10% KOH stain

A

Malassezia furfur

82
Q

Tinea nigra

A

Darkening of the palms of hands and feet

83
Q

Common cause of Tinea nigra, dematiaceous branched hyphae on 10% KOH stain

A

Exophiala werneckii

84
Q

Black piedra

A

stony, hard nodules along hair shaft (often scalp)

85
Q

White piedra

A

Soft, light nodules along hair shaft (often beard and mustache)

86
Q

Common cause of black piedra. Slow growing black to greenish-black colonies.

A

Piedraia hortae

87
Q

Common cause of white piedra. Hyaline, septate hyphae with arthrospores. Yeast-like wrinkled, rubbery looking colony with true and pseudohyphae.

A

Trichosporon beigelii

88
Q

Microsporum can infect

A

skin and hair

89
Q

Trichophyton can infect

A

skin, hair, and nails

90
Q

Epidermophyton can infect

A

skin and nails

91
Q

Macro: khaki, membranous colonies.
Micro: Thin, septate, hyaline hyphae. Large, thick-walled macroconidia with 2-6 cells in “beaver tail” cluster. No microconidia.

A

Epidermophyton floccosum

92
Q

Macro: Slow growing, white, fluffy, featureless
Micro: No micro or macroconidia. Favic chandeliers present

A

Microsporum audouinii

93
Q

Macro: Rapid growing, wooly, white to yellow, yellow reverse.
Micro: Spindle-shaped echinulate macroconidia with >6 compartments. Can have beak-like end. Some small club-shaped microconidia.

A

Microsporum canis

94
Q

Macro: Rapid growing, beige, granular with irregular border. Cinnamon brown reverse.
Micro: Ellipsoidal, thin-walled macroconidia with 6-9 cells. Club-shaped microconidia.

A

Microsporum gypseum

95
Q

Common characteristics of Microsporum species

A
  • Thick-walled macroconidia with spiny surfaces
  • Few microconidia
  • Ectothrix infections
  • Fluoresces under Wood’s lamp
96
Q

Common characteristics of Trichophyton species

A
  • Many microconidia
  • Pencil-shaped macroconidia
  • Endothrix and ectothrix infections
97
Q

Macro: Slow growing, white, cottony to grainy
Micro: Clusters of round microconidia, cigar-shaped macroconidia with <6 cells, possible spiral hyphae.
Special tests: Positive for hair penetration and urease

A

Trichophyton mentagrophytes

98
Q

Macro: Slow growing, white sometimes with red pigment. Wine-red reverse.
Micro: Oval microconidia directly on hyphae like “birds on a wire”. Possible spiral hyphae.
Special tests: Negative for hair penetration and urease.

A

Trichophyton rubrum

99
Q

Macro: Slow growing
MIcro: Club-shaped microconidia directly on hyphae. Intercalary and terminal chlamydospores.

A

Trichophyton tonsurans

100
Q

Drug classes used to treat fungi

A
  • Polyenes
  • Azoles (usually best)
  • Candins

MLS (18 decks)

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