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Chemistry Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Half-life of Steroids

A

Hours

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2
Q

Half-life of Protein Hormones

A

Minutes

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3
Q

Steroid hormones are made from

A

cholesterol

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4
Q

Master Gland of the Endocrine System

A

Hypothalamus

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5
Q

The Pineal Gland produces

A

melatonin from serotonin

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6
Q

1° Disorder

A

Organ doesn’t respond

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7
Q

2° Disorder

A

Pituitary doesn’t make stimulating hormone

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8
Q

3° Disorder

A

Hypothalmus doesn’t produce releasing hormone

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9
Q

Anterior Pituitary produces

A
  • TSH
  • ACTH
  • Prolactin (PL)
  • FSH/LH
  • Growth Hormone (GH)
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10
Q

GH production is triggered by

A

Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone

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11
Q

Negative Feedback of GH is mediated by

A

Somatostatin

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12
Q

Effects of GH

A
  • Fat cell breakdown
  • Protein anabolism
  • Inc. blood glucose
  • Liver makes IGF-1
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13
Q

Effects of overproduction of GH

A

Before Puberty: giantism
After Puberty: acromegaly

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14
Q

Effects of underproduction of GH

A

Pituitary Dwarfism

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15
Q

Prolactin

A
  • associated with milk production
  • tumors that make prolactin can cause men to produce milk
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16
Q

Posterior Pituitary produces

A
  • Oxytocin
  • ADH
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17
Q

Parts of the Adrenal Gland

A

Cortex, subdivided into:
- Zona glommerulosa
- Zona fasciculata
- Zona reticularis
Medula

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18
Q

Zona glomerulosa produces

A

Aldosterone and other mineral corticoids

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19
Q

Zona fasciculata produces

A

Cortisol and other glucocorticoids

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20
Q

Zona reticularis produces

A

Sex hormones

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21
Q

Adrenal Medulla produces

A

Catecholamines:
- “Fight or Flight” hormones - epinephrine and norepinephrine
- Dopamine

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22
Q

Hirsutism

A

excess facial hair (especially notable in women)

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23
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome etiology

A

Excess adrenal hormones from adrenal tumor or exogenous cortisol

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24
Q

Cushing’s Disease etiology

A
  • more severe than syndrome
  • excess adrenal hormones from pituitary tumor
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25
Adrenal diabetes
- Cushing's syndrome causes high blood glucose, causes long-term burn out of insulin-producing cells - Diabetes insipidus progresses to diabetes mellitus
26
Symptoms of Cushing's
- inc cortisol with no diurnal variation - inc blood gluc - inc aldosterone - inc Na+, dec K+ - acidosis - physical symptoms (moon face, striae, buffalo hump)
27
Addison's Disease etiology
Low adrenal hormones
28
Symptoms of Addison's
- dec blood gluc - dec Na+, inc K+ - acidosis - physical symptoms (very thin, darkening of skin an mucus membranes)
29
Dopamine is made from/in
Tyrosine, Adrenal Medulla
30
Adrenal Liver Metabolites
- Metanephrine (from epinephrine) - Normetanephrine (from norepinephrine)
31
Adrenal Urinary Metabolites
- HVA (from dopamine) - VMA (from metanephrine)
32
Neuroblastoma
- undifferentiated tumor - all catecholamines increased
33
Pheochromocytoma
- differentiated tumor of the adrenal medulla - increased norepinephrine and epinephrine - increased liver metabolites and VMA - NORMAL HVA and dopamine
34
CaPO4
Hydroxyapatite
35
Physiologically active Calcium
Ca2+
36
Elevated Mg
- Mg intoxication - Renal failure
37
Low Mg
- Low intake or absorption - Excess renal loss
38
Parathyroids produce
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
39
PTH stimulates
Calcium and Phosphorus from bones to blood
40
Calcitonin stimulates
Calcium and Phosphorus from blood to bones
41
Calcitonin is produced by
C-cells of the thyroid
42
Normal ratio of calcium to phosphorus
2:1
43
Osteoclasts
involved in bone resorption
44
Osteoblasts
involved in bone formation
45
Vitamin D
- steroid made from cholestrol - inc. absorption of calcium and phosphate in GI - inc calcium reabsorption and phosphate excretion in kidneys
46
Active form of Vitamin D
1,25 Hydroxy Vitamin D
47
Paget's Disease
- excess activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts degrades bones in some areas and deposits them irregularly in others - Inc. Alkaline Phosphatase
48
EGTA
Chelates calcium
49
Total Calcium Assay methodology
- Calcium complexes with o-CPC dye - interference removed with 8-hydroxy quinoline
50
Ionized Calcium Assay methodology
Ion-selective electrode
51
Ionized Calcium calculation
Ca++ = (6x total Ca - 1/3 total protein) / total protein + 6
52
Phosphorus Assay methodology
ion complex with molybdate, then reduced with cupric acid to make Molybdenum Blue
53
Magnesium Assay methodology
- Magnesium binds dye (blue -> red) - interference removed with cyanide
54
Thyroid hormones are built from
Mono- and di-iodated tyrosine (MIT and DIT)
55
T3 is made from
MIT + DIT (3 iodines)
56
T4 is made from
DIT + DIT (4 iodines)
57
T3 vs T4
- 10x as much T4 made - T3 is 5x as biologically active
58
Reverse t3 (rT3)
- liver deactivates T4 (remove an iodine) - not biologically active - related to energy conservation (inc in severe illness)
59
How do thyroid hormones circulate in the body?
Bound to proteins, especially Thyroid Binding Globulin (TBG). Inactive in this state.
60
Normal % free T4 (fT4)
0.03%
61
Normal % free T3 (fT3)
0.3%
62
Most common Thyroid Antibodies
- Thyroid Peroxidase (TPO) Antibodies - Anti-thyroglobulin - Anti-TSH Receptor
63
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis almost always has what antibody?
TPOa
64
Grave's Disease almost always has what antibody?
Anti-TSH Receptor
65
Papillary carcinoma
Hypothyroid neoplasm - firm, solitary nodule
66
Follicular carcinoma
Hypothyroid neoplasm - can metastasize
67
Primary Congenital Hypothyroidism
- Creatinism - Deficiency of thyroid tissue in newborns - Treat with T3 and T4
68
Thyrotoxicosis
- Inc in free and total thyroid hormones
69
Hypothyroidism
- slow metabolism - cold intolerance - goiter (inflammation) - tissue thickening (skin, tongue, vocal cords)
70
Hyperthyroidism
- metabolism in overdrive - heat intolerance - goiter (excess thyroid tissue) - Exophthalmos (eyelid retraction)
71
Latrogenic hyperthyroidism
- Lab numbers look bad, but no symptoms
72
Thyroid Storm
- acute hyperthyroidism - tachycardia, heart failure, fever, vomiting - 70-80% fatal if untreated
73
Hashimoto's: hypo or hyper?
Hypothyroidism
74
Grave's: hypo or hyper?
Hyperthyroidism
75
Euthyroid Syndromes
Thyroid function tests are abnormal in seriously ill patients, but there is no thyroid condition (the body is coping with their illness)
76
Estrogen effect on TBG
Inc TBG, T4 inc, normal fT3 and fT4
77
Aldose
carbohydrate with 1 aldehyde
78
Ketose
carbohydrate with 1 ketone
79
Monosaccharide
Sugar with 1 ring
80
Disaccharide
Sugar with 2 rings
81
Oligosaccharide
Sugar with several rings
82
Polysaccharides
Long chain branched carbohydrates (25-2500 rings)
83
Primary polysaccharide of plants
Starch
84
Primary polysaccharide of animals
Glycogen
85
Glycogenesis
Synthesis of glycogen in the liver
86
Glycogenolysis
Breakdown of glycogen
87
Gluconeogenesis
Glucose formation from non-carbohydrate sources (fats, etc)
88
Hormones that store glucose
- insulin
89
Hormones that pull glucose out of storage
- Glucagon - Growth Hormone - Cortisol - Adrenal/Epinephrine - T4
90
Insulin is produced by
beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas
91
Glucagon is produced by
alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas
92
Which hormones trigger gluconeogenesis?
Glucagon and Cortisol
93
Pre-diabetic Fasting Glucose
105-125 mg/dL
94
Diabetic Fasting Glucose
>= 126 mg/dL
95
Pre-diabetic 2 hr Glucose Tolerance/Postprandial
140-199 mg/dL
96
Diabetic 2 hr Glucose Tolerance/Postprandial
>=200 mg/dL
97
How fast is glucose lost on unspun tubes?
7% per hour
98
CSF glucose level
2/3 of serum glucose. If lower in a septic patient, suggests organism is in the CSF
99
Ketone Bodies
- form when fat is used as the sole energy source - indicate the degree of ketosis - associated with Type 1 diabetics
100
Ketone Body methodology
Sodium nitroprusside - purple when +
101
HBA1C is also called
glycated hemoglobins
102
HBA1C methodology
Immunoassay (structural difference)
103
Urine Microalbumin
- sensitive test for albumin - monitor diabetes associated renal disease - 30-300 mg/day = reversible - >550 mg/day = not reversible
104
Type 1 Diabetes
- "absolute" - juvenile onset - high fasting glucose - autoimmune
105
Type 2 Diabetes
- "relative" - adult onset - can have normal fasting glucose - familial association
106
Insulinoma
Insulin-producing tumor, causes fasting hypoglycemia
107
Reactive hypoglycemia
pancreas over-produces insulin at mealtimes, crashing the blood glucose level

MLS (18 decks)

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