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MLS > Immunology Exam 3 > Flashcards

Immunology Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

RID: Mancini Endpoint Method

A

Measurement taken to exact endpoint (time that reading becomes stable)

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2
Q

RID: Fahey Timed Diffusion Method

A

Read at a pre-determined time (often 18 hours). Use semi-log paper and plot ring diameter vs concentration

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3
Q

Flocculation vs Agglutination

A
  • Agglutination is clumping of insoluble antigen using soluble antibody.
  • Flocculation is precipitation of soluble components out of solution.
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4
Q

Complement Fixation Controls

A

Antigen Control: hemolysis
Complement Control: hemolysis (100% and 50% titer)
Cell Control: no hemolysis
Patient serum control: hemolysis

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5
Q

Common Label Enzymes

A
  • Horseradish Peroxidase
  • Beta-galactosidase
  • Alkaline phosphatase
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6
Q

Most common radiographic label

A

Iodine 125

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7
Q

Type I Hypersensitivity

A

Ig Mediator: IgE
Cells involved: Mast cells, basophils, eosinophils
Chemical Mediators: Histamine
Examples: Anaphylaxis

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8
Q

RIST Testing

A

RadioImmunoSorbenT Immunoassay
- Competitive binding
- Double antibody technique
- Correlates with eosinophil count

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9
Q

RAST Testing

A

RadioAllergoSorbent Test
- Disks with specific allergens
- Tests for IgE directly

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10
Q

Type II Hypersensitivity

A

Ig Mediator: IgG (sometimes IgM)
Cells involved: RBCs, WBCs, platelets
Chemical Mediators: Complement cascade
Examples: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Graves disease

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11
Q

Type III Hypersensitivity

A

Ig Mediator: IgG or IgM
Cells involved: host tissue cells (“innocent bystander” process)
Chemical Mediators: complement, immune complexes
Examples: Rheumatoid arthritis (IgM against own IgG), Glomerulonephritis (ASO-SO complex)

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12
Q

Type IV Hypersensitivity

A

Ig Mediator: None–cell mediated
Cells involved: Cytotoxic T Cells (CD8)
Notes: “Delayed Hypersensitivity”, often result of cross-reactivity
Examples: Graft v. Host Disease, Poison Ivy

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13
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

A

Autoantibodies against basement membranes in the vascular system
Symptoms: poly arthritis, skin rash
Testing: LE Cells, Anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA)

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14
Q

LE Cell

A

Seen on peripheral smear, a cell nucleus that has been phagocytosed by another WBC

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15
Q

ANA Principle of test

A
  • Indirect Fluorescent Immunoassay (double-antibody technique)
  • Only the nucleus reacts with the auto-antibody
  • Combination of observed patterns helps diagnose
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16
Q

ANA: Homogenous Pattern

A

Solid Color
- Anti-nDNA (nucleolar DNA aka all DNA)
- Most associated with SLE

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17
Q

ANA: Peripheral Pattern

A

Outer Circle
- Anti-dsDNA
- SLE and Sjorgren’s

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18
Q

ANA: Speckled Pattern

A

Granular/Lumpy
- Anti-RNP
- SLE, RA, Sjorgren’s

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19
Q

ANA: Nucleolar Pattern

A

Blotchy/Radioactive
- Anti-RNA
- Scleroderma, Sjorgren’s, SLE

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20
Q

ANA: Centromere Pattern

A

Fuzzy bisecting line
- Anti-centromere
- Very specific for CREST, a progressive systemic sclerosis

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21
Q

Anti-nDNA for SLE

A

Crithidia luciliae (must spell)
- Fluorescence stains the nucleus and kinetoplast
- two bright spots = positive test

22
Q

Scleroderma

A
  • Rare autoimmune disease affecting blood vessels and connective tissues
  • Fibrous degenerations
  • CREST variant is most common
23
Q

CREST

A
  • Calcinosis - calcium deposits in skin
  • Raynaud’s phenomenon - spasm of blood vessels from cold or stress
  • Esophageal dysfunction - acid reflux and decreased motility
  • Sclerodactyly - thickening and tightening of skin on the fingers and hands
  • Telangiectasias - dilation of capillaries, red marks on the skin
24
Q

Sjogren’s

A

Autoimmune disorder associated with deficient moisture production in the mouth, eyes, and mucous membranes

25
Q

Cold Agglutinins

A
  • Anti-I or Anti-i specificity (capitalization matters)
  • Produced in adults during primary atypical pneumonia (Mycoplasma pneumonia, which can’t be cultured)
26
Q

Cold Agglutinin Titers

A
  • Draw patient serum
  • Clot at 37C, then separate from cells
  • Serial dilutions of the serum
  • Add Group O washed cells
  • Incubate overnight, read at 24 hrs
  • Titer = last tube with agglutination
27
Q

Immunoelectrophoresis: NHS

A

“Normal Human Serum”

28
Q

Immunoelectrophoresis: P

A

“Patient”

29
Q

Tumor Markers: TSA

A

Tumor-specific Antigens

30
Q

Tumor Markers: TAA

A

Tumor-associated Antigens

31
Q

Alpha-fetoprotein

A

Hepatocelular Carsinoma

32
Q

CA 125

A

Ovarian Cancer

33
Q

Human epididymis protein 4

A

Epithelial Ovarian Cancer

34
Q

PSA

A

Prostate Cancer

35
Q

CEA

A

Colorectal Cancer, Breast Cancer (late stage)

36
Q

Beta-hCG (tumor marker)

A

Oncofetal, teratoma

37
Q

CA 19-9

A

Biliary tract cancers

38
Q

CA 15-3

A

Breast metastasis

39
Q

CA 27-29

A

Breast cancer recurrence

40
Q

Her2/neu

A

Invasive breast cancer

41
Q

Thyroglobulin (Tg) (tumor marker)

A

Thyroid Cancer

42
Q

PKU

A

Buildup: Phenylpyruvate
Deficiency: Phenylalanine hydroxylase

43
Q

MSUD

A

Buildup: leucine, isoleucine, and valine
Deficiency: carboxylation of branched keto acids

44
Q

Homocystinuria

A

Buildup: homocystine and methionine
Deficiency: cystathionine-B synthase

45
Q

Hypothyroidism

A
  • failure of thyroid to produce T3 or T4
  • test for T4 and TSH
46
Q

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

A
  • Deficiency in enzymes that make steroid hormones
  • problems making gender-related hormones
  • Heterozygous (mild) and homozygous (severe) forms
47
Q

Hemoglobinopathies

A

Abnormal hemoglobin production
- Sickle Cell Anemia
- Thalassemia
- HB S/C Disease

48
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

Lung congestion and infection
- Test for trypsin in blood
- Confirm with sweat chloride test

49
Q

Fatty acid oxidation disorders

A

Deficiency of short and long chain enzymes

50
Q

Galactosemia

A

Buildup: Galactose
Deficiency: Galactose-1-Phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT)

MLS (18 decks)

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