Muskoskeletal System: Lesson 1 Flashcards
What are the 4 types of body tissues?
Nervous, Epithelial, Muscular & Connective
What is an example of nervous tissues?
The neurons
What are 3 examples of Epithelial tissue?
The skin, nails, mucus membranes
What are 4 examples of Muscular Tissue?
Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle & myoepithelium
What are 5 examples of Connective Tissue
Tendons, bone, cartilage, ligaments and fat
What are regional and direction terms in refrence to?
The anatomical position
What is the anatomical position?
The starting position for describing any movement as well as the standard point of reference for the human body
What does the anatomical position look like?
Standing erect & eyes forward, chin neutral
Standing with feet flat on the ground, legs together and toes pointing forward
Hands down at side and palms facing forward
What are the 14 regional and directional terms (7 pairs)?
Anterior/ Ventral Posterior/ Dorsal Cranial/Caudal Superior/Inferior Medial/Lateral Proximal/Distal Superficial/Deep
What does anterior, posterior and ventral, dorsal mean?
Anterior/Ventral is looking from the front or something is towards the front of the body
Posterior/Dorsal is looking from the back of the body or something is towards the back of the body
Ex. The heart is posterior/dorsal to the sternum
The sternum is anterior/ventral to the heart
What does medial and lateral mean?
Medial means towards the midline of the body
Lateral means away from the midline of the body/ towards the side of the body
Ex. Heart lies medial to the lungs Lungs lie lateral to the heart Nose lies medial to the eyes Eyes lie lateral to the nose
What does proximal and distal mean?
Proximal means closer to the middle of body/ closer to a joint (closer to the axial body)
Distal means farther away from the middle of the body/ or a joint (further away from the axial body)
Ex.
The thigh is proximal to the foot
The foot is distal to the thigh
What does superficial and deep mean?
Superficial means closer to the surface of the body
Deep means further away from the surface of the body
Ex.
The lungs are deep to the sternum
The sternum is superficial to the lungs
What does superior and inferior mean?
Superior means at a higher level
Inferior means at a lower level
Ex.
The knees are inferior to the pelvis
Our shoulders are superior to our heart
What does cranial and caudal mean?
Cranial means towards the head
Caudal means farther away from the head
What are the 3 directional planes?
Sagittal, Frontal/Coronal & Transverse
What is sagittal plane mean?
The body is split into left and right halves, this is the one direction plane that has almost equal sides
What is the Frontal/Coronal plane mean?
The body is split into anterior and posterior (front & back sides).
What is the transverse plane mean?
The body is split just above the naval into superior and inferior halves (upper & lower)
What are the 4 movements in sagittal plane?
Flexion, Extension, Plantarflexion and Dorsiflexion
- You have hands and feet on both sides so makes sense
What are the 6 movements in the frontal plane?
Abduction Adduction Elevation Depression Inversion Eversion
What are the 3 movement in the transverse plane?
Rotation
Pronation & Supination
What are the 3 types of muscles?
Cardiac, Skeletal and Smooth Muscle tissue
What does the cardiac muscle do?
Pushes blood through the arteries, veins, blood vessels and heart in the circulatory system;
involuntary muscle
What does the smooth muscle do?
Pushes fluids and solids along the digestive tract and performs varied functions in other body systems;
Involuntary muscle
What does the skeletal muscle do?
Moves the body by pulling on the bones of the skeleton making it possible to move;
voluntary and makes up 30-40% of your body weight
What are the properties of all types of muscles?
Excitability, Contractility, Extensibility & Elasticity
What is Excitability?
It’s a property of all muscles; it’s the ability to respond to stimulation
Ex. The muscular system responds to stimulation
from the nervous system and some smooth muscles
respond to circulating hormones
What is Contractility?
It’s a property of all muscles;
it’s the ability to shorten actively and apply a pull or tension on connective tissues and bones (flexion)
What is Extensibility?
It’s a property of all muscles;
The ability to continue to contract over a range of resting lengths (resting muscles at angles)
What is Elasticity?
Its a property of all muscles;
The ability of muscle to rebound towards it’s original length after a contraction (extension)
What are the 5 functions of the Muscular system?
- Produce skeletal movement
- Maintain posture and body position
- Support soft tissues
- Regulate entering and exiting of material (poop)
- Maintain body temperature (homeostasis)
What are origins & insertions?
An origin is where a muscle originates from or is anchored at
An insertion is where a muscle inserts or connects itself to
- Typically the origin remains unmoved while the insertion moves with muscle contractions
What are the 3 action muscles of the muscular system?
Prime mover/agonists, Synergists & Antagonists
What is the prime mover/agonist?
A muscle whose contraction is mostly responsible for producing a particular movement (flexion)
Ex. biceps brachii is an example of an agonist producing flexion at the elbow.
What is a synergist?
When these contract, they assist the prime movers in their action; May provide addition pull or stabilize the point of origin
What is an antagonist?
These oppose the movement of the agonists.
Ex. if the agonist produces flexion (biceps), the antagonist will produce extension (triceps)
What are the 7 ways muscles are named?
- Location to a nearby bone
- Location related to a body position, insertion and/or origin
- Size
- Shape
- Direction of muscle fibers
- Number of heads (Biceps & triceps)
- Action
What are the 5 associated soft tissues and organ related to the skeletal muscle?
Tendons, Ligaments, Cartilage, Fascia & Skin
What does the tendon in the skeletal muscle do?
Attaches a muscle to a bone (Tendons get strained, ligaments get sprained)
What does the fascia in the skeletal muscle do?
Connective tissue fibers that form sheets or bands beneath the skin to attach, stabilize, enclose, and separate muscles and other internal organs
What does the cartilage in the skeletal muscle do?
A flexible connective tissue found in many parts of the body (mostly at ends of bones for cushioning in between joints). It can bend a bit, but resists stretching. Its main function is to connect bones together, and some types can help shock absorption (corsal cartilages of ribs).
What does the ligaments in the skeletal muscle do?
Attaches bone to bone (tendons get strained, ligaments get sprained)
What does skin do in the skeletal muscle?
Protection & heat regulation
