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Y9 > Music > Flashcards

Music Flashcards

1
Q

Features of Minimalism

20th Century Music

A
  • Slow harmonic rhythm
  • Simple, repetitive musical ideas
  • Not much dynamic change
  • Not much tempo change
  • Not much pitch change
  • Not much change overall
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2
Q

How did minimalism come about?

20th Century Music

A

It was a reaction to expressionism which was seen as too complicated for a wider audience. This movement was paralleled in the art world.

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3
Q

What is phase shifting?

20th Century Music

A
  • Compositional device
  • Where two or more identical patterns of music are repeated gradually ‘phasing’ out of sync of each other
  • Creates a constantly changing pattern of notes and change in texture
  • It has links to Gamelan music
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4
Q

Name a composer who used phase shifting

20th Century Music

A

Steve Reich

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5
Q

Who is Arvo Part?

20th Century Music

A
  • Arvo Part came up with the technique, Tintinnabuli.
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6
Q

What is tintinnabuli?

A
  • It is characterised by simple harmonic language with a focus on interplay between two parts.
  • The word is derived from the Latin “tintinnabulum” meaning ‘bell’. Pärt used the cluster chords created from bell-ringing and weaved elegant melodies around this.
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7
Q

Features of tintinnabuli

20th Century Music

A
  • built around a triad
  • often arpeggiated
  • provides stable harmony
  • slow harmonic rhythm
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8
Q

Who created modular music?

20th Century Music

A

Terry Riley

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9
Q

What is modular music?

20th Century Music

  • what is it
  • results in
  • unique thing
  • combines…
  • example
A
  • Repetition and overlapping of musical ideas
  • Results in an always changing texture
  • Differs from performance to performance
  • Combine aspects of minimalism and graphic scores
  • Most famous example is In C
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10
Q

What is a graphic score?

20th Century Music

A

A score that instead of using a stave and notes illustrates music in in symbols or pictures.

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11
Q

What is expressionism?

20th Century Music

A
  • A reaction against Romantic music, which also focused on emotional expression but by using more uniform, traditionally-established structures and harmonies. Expressionism wished to break free from these constraints
  • It is characterised by a focus on intense emotional expression, often representing the turbulent and unpredictable nature of the times
  • Can also be seen in the art world
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12
Q

Features of expressionism

20th Century Music

A
  • extreme dissonance - atonality
  • frenzied, disjunct ‘melodies’
  • extremes of pitch
  • use of large ensembles - experimentation with timbre and sonority
  • extended instrument techniques - novel ways of creating sound
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13
Q

Who ‘created’ serialism? And when?

20th Century Music

A

Arnold Schoenberg in the early 1920s (he’d previously been expressionist - he approached serialism with a strict and mathmetical strategy)

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14
Q

What is serialism?

20th Century Music

A

Similarly to expressionism, serialism moves beyond major and minor tonalities, and focuses on a twelve-tone technique which is atonal. All 12 tones must be stated before another row can begin.

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15
Q

What is a prime (in serialism)?

20th Century Music

A

The prime row is the original order of pitches as decided on by the composer. The twelve pitches can be arranged in any order, at any octave and can be combined into chords.

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16
Q

What are the types of tone row in serialism?

20th Century Music

A
  • prime
  • retrograde
  • inversion
  • retrograde-inversion
17
Q

Retrograde definition

definitions

A

The reverse of the orginal tone row.
E.g. if the melody went E G B F E C it would instead be C E F B G E

18
Q

inversion definition

definitions

A

When a melody is turned upside down (the intervals between the notes are the same but move in the opposite direction).
E.g. if a melody went E G E C D it would be E C♯ E G♯ F♯ instead

19
Q

Retrograde inversion definition

definition

A

A combination of retrgrade and inversion.
It’s your retrgrade melody inverted or your inverted melody retrograded.

20
Q

What are two of the reasons music changed in the 20th century?

20th Century Music

A
  • People could access music from around the world and share their music with other countries/continents
  • Many world changing events (WW1/2, Chernobly, Civil Rights ect)
21
Q

Digetic definition

Video game and film music

A

Sound that can be heard by the people in the movie.
E.g. footsteps, speech, shouts sirens

22
Q

Non-digetic definition

Video game and film music

A

Sound that cannot be heard by the people in the film but can be heard by the watchers/listeners
e.g. narration, underscore/soundtrack

23
Q

Features of a fanfare

Video game and film music

A
  • triplets
  • major
  • brass
  • triadic
  • movements in fifths
24
Q

What is a leitmotif?

Video game and film music

A

Leitmotifs are a musical feature used in video game and film music, as well as other genres. They are short, recurring musical themes which indicate a character, idea, or situation.

25
Q

Name the families of instruments

general

A
  • strings
  • brass
  • woodwind
  • percussion
26
Q

What are Rhythmic Augmentation and Diminution?

Video game and film music

A

RA - doubling and RD - halving our rhythmic values

27
Q

melody

definitions

A

a melody is a linear sequence of notes - it is a combination of pitch and rhythm
e.g. ascending, triadic, disjunct

28
Q

harmony

definitions

A

when two or more notes are played at the same time in a peice - the type of harmony is tonality

29
Q

tonality

definitions

A

the key of a piece e.g. major, minor, atonal

30
Q

monophony

definitions

A

there is only one line of music - one instrument or singer - can be unison

31
Q

homophony

definitions

A

music that has one sound or line of melody being played by multiple instruments at the same time - not unison - harmony

32
Q

polyphony

definitions

A

Polyphony means “different sounds or voices”. Polyphonic music has parts that weave in and out of each other

33
Q

timbre

definitions

A

the timbre of an instrument or voice is the colour, character or quality of sound it produces

34
Q

texture

definitions

A

the effect of the different layers of sound in a piece of music, and the relationship between them e.g. phony words

35
Q

rhythm

definitions

A

the organisation of particular sounds by their length e.g. triplets, sustained, repetitive

36
Q

tempo

definitions

A

the speed of the piece e.g. adagio, moderato, allegro, rallentando, accelerando

37
Q

articulation

definitions

A

used to show how to play a note - if it should be short and spikey or smooth e.g staccato, legato

38
Q

dynamics

definitions

A

used to show what volume a piece of music should be played at e.g. pianissimo, piano, metzo piano, metzo forte, forte, fortissimo

39
Q

harmonic rhythm

definitions

A

how many beats a chord will last before you change to the next chord

Y9 (18 decks)

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