Musculoskeletal Tissues & Movement Flashcards
0
Q
Superior
A
Higher on body
- nose is superior to chin
1
Q
Anatomical position
A
Baseline position The same regardless of motion - upright - face forwards - feet together - palms face forwards
2
Q
Interior
A
Lower on body
Chin inferior to nose
Wrist inferior to elbow
3
Q
Medial
A
(Middle) towards the midline of body
4
Q
Lateral
A
Away from midline of body
5
Q
Anterior
A
Front of body
Also known as ventral
Eg sharks tummy is ventral
6
Q
Posterior
A
Posture comes from your back
Towards back of body
Also known as dorsal
Eg shark fin is dorsal
7
Q
Distal
A
Closer to fingers and toes on limbs
Distance from body
8
Q
Proximal
A
Proximal =close
Closer to shoulder/hip of joint
9
Q
Deep
A
Further from the surface of the skin
Eg bone is deep to muscle
10
Q
Superficial
A
Closer to the surface of the skin
Eg skin is superficial to muscle
11
Q
Sagittarius plane
A
Along the Sagittal crest on the skull
Eg nose
12
Q
Coronal plane
A
Along the coronal crest on the skull
Eg ears
13
Q
Transverse
A
Decapitation of a body
14
Q
Flexion
A
Decreasing angle of joint
- fleshy parts of limb brought closer together
15
Q
Extension
A
Increasing angle of joint
16
Q
Dorsiflexion
A
Toes brought up towards face
17
Q
Plantarflexion
A
Toes pointing towards the ground
18
Q
Abduction
A
Movement at joint away from the midline
19
Q
Adduction
A
Movement at a joint moves limb towards midline
20
Q
Circumduction
A
Flexion/abduction/extension/addiction
- no rotation
Eg wrist
21
Q
Rotation
A
Rotation around the long axis of a joint
Wrist cannot rotate.
- forearm move lateral and medial but arm still
- leg/thigh/foot rotate medial and lateral
22
Q
Proration
A
Palm faces posterior
Forearm bones crossed over
23
Q
Supination
A
Palm faces anterior and forearm bones parallel
24
Inversion
Sole of foot faces midline
25
Eversion
Sole of foot turns away from midline
26
Functions of the skeleton
- support
- movement
- protection
- storage
- RBC formation
Eg vertebral column protects but allows some movement
Eg storage of calcium (constant levels at large amounts)
Eg storage of RBC in marrow (arms/legs)
27
Types of bone tissue
- compact
| - cancellous/spongy
28
Compact bone
Found where strength and load bearing is needed
29
Cancellous bone
Found where shock absorption is required. (Resists compression)
30
Bone classes
- long bones
- short bones
- flat bones
- irregular bones
31
Long bones
- longer than they are wide
- shaft or 'diaphysis'
- extremities (heads) or 'epiphysis'
- function as levers for movement
- thicker compact bone in diaphysis
32
Short bones
- Near equal in width and length
- weight bearing/shock absorption
- mostly cancellous bone
Eg carpals/tarsals
33
Flat bones
- protection (eg cranial bones)
- muscle attachment (eg spatula)
- thin plates of compact bone, some cancellous
Eg cranial bones
Outer compact
Then spongy (diploe)
Then inner compact
34
Irregular bone
```
Variable shape and function
Often bones with holes
- eg vertebrae
- little spines for muscle attachment
- bumps to interlock bones
```
35
Axial skeleton
```
Skull
Rib cage
Vertebrae
Down to coccyx
Only moving bone is the mandible (jaw)
```
36
Skull
- cranium (vault)
- facial bones
- mandible
37
Vertebral column
Interlocking bones
- cervical (neck) 7
- thoracic (chest) 12
- lumbar (lower back) 5
- sacrum - 5 fused vertebrae attached to hips and pelvis
- coccyx - tailbone
38
Rib cage
- ribs
- sternum
Ribs connect to cartilage which connects to sternum
39
Appendicular skeleton
- limbs (arm/forearm/thigh/leg)
| - pelvic girdle
40
Human locomotion
- bipedalism (2 limbs)
- quadrapedal (4 limbs)
- lower limb is for stability and locomotion
- upper limb for manipulation
41
Similar limb structure
- single proximal long bone
- two distal long bones
- hands and feet
42
Limb attachments
```
- pectoral (shoulder) girdle
Clavicle
Scapula
- pelvic girdle
Hip bones (x2)
Sacrum (axial)
(Very stable)
```
43
Hand bones
Carpals (x8)
Metacarpals (x5)
Phalanges (x3 per finger)
44
Foot bones
Tarsals (x7)
Metatarsals (x5)
Phalanges (x3 per toe)
45
Functions of the skeleton
- support
- movement
- protection
- storage
- RBC formation
Eg vertebral column protects but allows some movement
Eg storage of calcium (constant levels at large amounts)
Eg storage of RBC in marrow (arms/legs)
46
Types of bone tissue
- compact
| - cancellous/spongy
47
Compact bone
Found where strength and load bearing is needed
48
Cancellous bone
Found where shock absorption is required. (Resists compression)
49
Bone classes
- long bones
- short bones
- flat bones
- irregular bones
50
Long bones
- longer than they are wide
- shaft or 'diaphysis'
- extremities (heads) or 'epiphysis'
- function as levers for movement
- thicker compact bone in diaphysis
51
Short bones
- Near equal in width and length
- weight bearing/shock absorption
- mostly cancellous bone
Eg carpals/tarsals
52
Flat bones
- protection (eg cranial bones)
- muscle attachment (eg spatula)
- thin plates of compact bone, some cancellous
Eg cranial bones
Outer compact
Then spongy (diploe)
Then inner compact
53
Irregular bone
```
Variable shape and function
Often bones with holes
- eg vertebrae
- little spines for muscle attachment
- bumps to interlock bones
```
54
Axial skeleton
```
Skull
Rib cage
Vertebrae
Down to coccyx
Only moving bone is the mandible (jaw)
```
55
Skull
- cranium (vault)
- facial bones
- mandible
56
Vertebral column
Interlocking bones
- cervical (neck) 7
- thoracic (chest) 12
- lumbar (lower back) 5
- sacrum - 5 fused vertebrae attached to hips and pelvis
- coccyx - tailbone
57
Rib cage
- ribs
- sternum
Ribs connect to cartilage which connects to sternum
58
Appendicular skeleton
- limbs (arm/forearm/thigh/leg)
| - pelvic girdle
59
Human locomotion
```
Human only bipedal animal
Pelvis/spine/head characteristics for it
- bipedalism (2 limbs)
- quadrapedal (4 limbs)
- lower limb is for stability and locomotion
- upper limb for manipulation
```
60
Similar limb structure
- single proximal long bone
- two distal long bones
- hands and feet
61
Limb attachments (not similar)
```
- pectoral (shoulder) girdle (out wide for more movement)
Clavicle
Scapula
- pelvic girdle
Hip bones (x2)
Sacrum (axial)
(Very stable/solid/load bearing)
```
62
Humerus and femur
Different function = slightly different structures
Head of femur - protruding end to attach to the pelvis
Shoulder joint weaker but more movement
63
Hand bones
Carpals (x8)
Metacarpals (x5)
Phalanges (x3 per finger)
64
Foot bones
Tarsals (x7)
Metatarsals (x5)
Phalanges (x3 per toe)
65
Elbow joint
Like a hinge
66
Tibia
Weight bearing
67
Fibula
Makes up part of ankle joint
| - prone to breaking
68
Bone tissue
A living tissue
- connective tissue
- has cells/extra cellular matrix
69
Remodelling of bone
Eg pitcher has larger muscle attachments on bone because muscle in that arm are bigger
Eg wearing braces: pressure/tension on teeth - moves bone in tissue
70
Bone tissue composition
- small amount cells
- mostly extra cellular matrix
(Organic = 1/3 inorganic = 2/3)
71
Organic component of ECM in bone tissue
Proteins that are synthesised by the cells.
| Collagen fibres main component.
72
Inorganic component in ECM in bone tissue
Taken from the environment and used
73
Loose connective tissue
- cells (fibroblasts - makes collagen)
- ECM a (collagen fibres/ground substance - proteoglycans)
Looseness depends on density of fibers
Eg skin: limited stretch
74
Collagen fibres
- high strength (resists stretch)
- tendons/ligaments/bone/cartilage need to resist stretch
- so all contain large amount of collagen in their ECM
75
Regular dense connective tissue
- cells (fibroblasts)
- ECM (collagen fibres/ground substance)
Eg tendons
76
What helps the skeleton resist compression?
Modified ECM
77
Cartilage - connective tissue
- cells (chondrocytes- specific function to make cartilage)
- ECM (collagen fibres/modified proteoglycans/no blood vessels- hence doesn't heal well, nutrients by diffusion through matrix)
Largely aqueous
Eg surfaces of joints-shock absorption
78
Bone made of
Cells (osteocytes)
| - ECM (collagen fibres/inorganic salts - calcium & phosphate)
79
Inorganic salts (minerals) in bone ECM
Hardens/rigidity - resistance to compression
| Makes matrix impermeable to nutrients
80
Osteoblasts (Ob)
Build ECM
81
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells
82
Osteoclasts (Oc)
Breaks down ECM
83
Bone without minerals (inorganic)
Can bend into a knot
84
Bone without collagen (organic)
Brittle - breaks like glass
85
Where is compact bone?
In shafts of long bones
86
Where is cancellous bone?
In the head of long bones
87
Cancellous bone structure
- trabeculae (struts of lamella bone)
- marrow filled cavities (holes)
- osteocytes housed in lacuna on surfaces of trabeculae
88
Organisation of trabeculae in cancellous bone
Different depending on pressure on bone.
| More where higher pressure is
89
Arrangement of fibres in long bones
- blood vessels pass into bone & travel along bone
- resists bending but not too heavy
- calcified collagen fibres packed around edges
- bone marrow inside cylinder
- compact bone doesn't turnover as much as cancellous
- compact bone helps repair fractures
90
Growth plate
Line of cartilage between bones
91
Bone begins as
A cartilage model
92
Process of transforming cartilage to bone
Ossification
93
Primary centre of ossification
Diaphysis/shaft
94
Secondary centres of ossification
Epiphysis: head of bone.
95
As child grows older (bone growth)
Ossification increases
| Growth plate decreases
96
Epiphyseal plate
- cartilage grows through division of chondrocytes (secretion of ECM)
- mature enlarged chondrocytes die (cavities in matrix)
- ossification as blood vessels migrate into spaces (fibroblasts differentiate into osteoblasts)
97
What happens when the cartilage is fully replaced by bone?
There can be no more bone growth, but only bone remodelling
98
Bone growth in length
- growth plate
99
Bone growth by width/moulding
- osteoblasts in periosteum increase width
| - osteoclasts mould the bone shape and form the medullary cavity
100
Homeostasis of bone
- bone turnover throughout adulthood largely as a consequence of the role of bone in calcium homeostasis
- approx 10% turnover per year
- controlled by PTH which activates osteoclasts
101
Osteoporosis
- bone pathology caused by abnormal bone turnover (excess osteoclasts over osteoblasts activity)
- compact bone thinner
- cancellous bone porous
102
Causes of osteoporosis
- age loss of oestrogen
| - lifestyle factors (lack of exercise/nutritional factors/peak bone mass)
103
Most common fracture sites
1. Ankle (fibula)
2. Hip
3. Wrist
4. Arm/forearm
5. Clavicle
104
Stage 1 of fracture healing
Nerves all around bone (pain) protects us from further damage
- haematoma/capillaries(bleeding around the break)
- phagocytes (sets structure for cells that will repair)
105
Stage 2 of fracture healing
- blood brings fibroblasts to site
- condroblasts comes and makes cartilage (fills up area of break)
- soft callus is formed (growing cells) - fibrocartilaginous callus
106
Stage 3 of fracture healing
Much like bone growth
- bony callus
- osteoblasts
107
Stage 4 of fracture healing
Remodelling
108
Pseudoarthrosis
Due to failure to set the bone properly
109
Types of fractures
- closed/simple (fracture stays in place)
- open/compound (sometimes open wound)
- green stick (not fully broken all the way through)
110
Osteon
| Lined up cylinders in compact bone
```
Big cylinders of bone
Layers of osteon=lamellae
Blood vessels go through the middle
Canaliculi = small canals that go from side of cylinder to blood vessel
Osteocytes make up osteons
```
111
Trabeculae
The equivalent of an osteon in compact bone
Sam structure but doesn't need transverse channels for nutrients
- more trabeculae for more tension
112
Marrow
Where blood cells are formed
113
Joint
- holds bones together
- where bones meet (articulation)
- involves bone shapes and soft tissue
- allow free movement/or control movement
114
Soft tissues associated with joints
- cartilage
- tendons
- ligaments
115
Soft tissue with joints composition
Have no inorganic component
- cells
- ECM
116
Cartilage
| Types
- hyaline/articular
| - fibrocartilage
117
General cartilage composition
- collagen fibres in a ground substance (ECM)
- chondrocytes live in lacuna
- nutrients diffuse through matrix by joint loading (not vascular)
118
Hyaline cartilage:
- allows shock absorption
- smooth/frictionless surface (movement of bones in synovial joints)
- moulds to surface of bones
- high fluid content in matrix
- function: resists compression
Not much collagen
119
Fibrocartilage
- strong collagen fibres (form bundles throughout matrix)
- fibres align with stress
- function: resists compression & tension
Eg between vertabrae (spreads load on whole joint)
Eg meniscus- cartilage of knee joint (deepens articulation)
120
Meniscus
Bony congruence = the sum of the bone surfaces that form an articulation
- less bony congruence = more soft tissue support
121
Ligaments and tendons
- dense fibrous connective tissue (DFCT)
- collagen
- fibroblasts
- function: resist tension
- some vascularity but minimal collagen fibres with bone
- very slow healing
122
Ligaments attach
Bone to bone
Restrict movement
Very strong
123
Tendons attach
Muscle to bone
Facilitate movement
Not as strong as ligaments
124
Joints always a trade off between
Stability and mobility
125
Types of joints
- fibrous - bone to bone
- fibrocartilaginous
- synovial
126
Fibrous joint
- most stable, no mobility
- function = protection
Eg cranial suture (little ligament between bones)
127
Fontanelles
Allow brain growth in child skull
128
Example of fibrous joint
- distal tibiofibula joint
- tissue = DFCT a
- structure = ligament
- function = limited movement lost stability
129
Fibrocartilaginous
- bone to cartilage to bone
- some movement/stability
- absorb shock
- protection
Eg vertabrae disks
130
Example of fibrocartilaginous joint
Rib cartilage
Some movement (to breath)
- fibrocartilage tissue
131
Synovial joint
- most limb joints
Maximum movement
- stability dependant on supporting tissue
132
Structure of synovial joint
- complex association of tissues and structures
- facilitation of free movement and control of movement
- synovial membrane lines inner surface of the capsule (secretes synovial fluid - lubrication of joint)
133
Range of movement in synovial joints
- shape of bone ends determines movement
| - limited by ligaments
134
Synovial joint features
Bone ends determine the range of motion at a joint
- articular cartilage
- cover bone ends where they articulate and move over each other
135
Synovial membrane
Lines the inner surface of the capsule
136
Ligaments in synovial joints
Capsular ligament
| Intra capsular ligament
137
Capsular ligament
- holds bones together
- thick and tight where more support is required - loose on sides where movement is allowed
- potential space/cavity
138
Collateral ligaments of the knee
- medial restricts abduction
| - lateral restricts adduction
139
Intra capsular ligament
- holds bones together
- restricts movement between bones
Very strong: prevents femur falling off tibia and knee joint
140
Cruciate ligaments of knee
- arise from tibia and insert into femur
- anterior cruciate restricts posterior displacement of femur (hypertension)
- posterior cruciate displacement of femur
141
Fibrocartilagenous meniscus
- deepen articulation
142
Bursae
- fibrous filled sac filled with synovial fluid
- cushioning where tendons pass over muscles
- sometimes form sheaths around tendons
143
Structure of synovial joints (components)
- bone ends
- articular cartilage
- capsule
- cavity
- synovial membrane
- ligaments
