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HUBS191 > Musculoskeletal Tissues & Movement > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Tissues & Movement Flashcards

0
Q

Superior

A

Higher on body

- nose is superior to chin

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1
Q

Anatomical position

A 
Baseline position
The same regardless of motion
- upright
- face forwards
- feet together
- palms face forwards
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2
Q

Interior

A

Lower on body
Chin inferior to nose
Wrist inferior to elbow

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3
Q

Medial

A

(Middle) towards the midline of body

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4
Q

Lateral

A

Away from midline of body

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5
Q

Anterior

A

Front of body
Also known as ventral
Eg sharks tummy is ventral

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6
Q

Posterior

A

Posture comes from your back
Towards back of body
Also known as dorsal
Eg shark fin is dorsal

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7
Q

Distal

A

Closer to fingers and toes on limbs

Distance from body

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8
Q

Proximal

A

Proximal =close

Closer to shoulder/hip of joint

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9
Q

Deep

A

Further from the surface of the skin

Eg bone is deep to muscle

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10
Q

Superficial

A

Closer to the surface of the skin

Eg skin is superficial to muscle

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11
Q

Sagittarius plane

A

Along the Sagittal crest on the skull

Eg nose

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12
Q

Coronal plane

A

Along the coronal crest on the skull

Eg ears

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13
Q

Transverse

A

Decapitation of a body

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14
Q

Flexion

A

Decreasing angle of joint

- fleshy parts of limb brought closer together

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15
Q

Extension

A

Increasing angle of joint

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16
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Toes brought up towards face

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17
Q

Plantarflexion

A

Toes pointing towards the ground

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18
Q

Abduction

A

Movement at joint away from the midline

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19
Q

Adduction

A

Movement at a joint moves limb towards midline

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20
Q

Circumduction

A

Flexion/abduction/extension/addiction
- no rotation
Eg wrist

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21
Q

Rotation

A

Rotation around the long axis of a joint
Wrist cannot rotate.
- forearm move lateral and medial but arm still
- leg/thigh/foot rotate medial and lateral

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22
Q

Proration

A

Palm faces posterior

Forearm bones crossed over

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23
Q

Supination

A

Palm faces anterior and forearm bones parallel

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24
Q

Inversion

A

Sole of foot faces midline

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25
Q

Eversion

A

Sole of foot turns away from midline

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26
Q

Functions of the skeleton

A
  • support
  • movement
  • protection
  • storage
  • RBC formation
    Eg vertebral column protects but allows some movement
    Eg storage of calcium (constant levels at large amounts)
    Eg storage of RBC in marrow (arms/legs)
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27
Q

Types of bone tissue

A
  • compact

- cancellous/spongy

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28
Q

Compact bone

A

Found where strength and load bearing is needed

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29
Q

Cancellous bone

A

Found where shock absorption is required. (Resists compression)

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30
Q

Bone classes

A
  • long bones
  • short bones
  • flat bones
  • irregular bones
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31
Q

Long bones

A
  • longer than they are wide
  • shaft or ‘diaphysis’
  • extremities (heads) or ‘epiphysis’
  • function as levers for movement
  • thicker compact bone in diaphysis
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32
Q

Short bones

A
  • Near equal in width and length
  • weight bearing/shock absorption
  • mostly cancellous bone
    Eg carpals/tarsals
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33
Q

Flat bones

A
  • protection (eg cranial bones)
  • muscle attachment (eg spatula)
  • thin plates of compact bone, some cancellous
    Eg cranial bones
    Outer compact
    Then spongy (diploe)
    Then inner compact
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34
Q

Irregular bone

A 
Variable shape and function
Often bones with holes
- eg vertebrae 
- little spines for muscle attachment
- bumps to interlock bones
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35
Q

Axial skeleton

A 
Skull
Rib cage
Vertebrae
Down to coccyx 
Only moving bone is the mandible (jaw)
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36
Q

Skull

A
  • cranium (vault)
  • facial bones
  • mandible
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37
Q

Vertebral column

A

Interlocking bones

  • cervical (neck) 7
  • thoracic (chest) 12
  • lumbar (lower back) 5
  • sacrum - 5 fused vertebrae attached to hips and pelvis
  • coccyx - tailbone
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38
Q

Rib cage

A
  • ribs
  • sternum
    Ribs connect to cartilage which connects to sternum
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39
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A
  • limbs (arm/forearm/thigh/leg)

- pelvic girdle

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40
Q

Human locomotion

A
  • bipedalism (2 limbs)
  • quadrapedal (4 limbs)
  • lower limb is for stability and locomotion
  • upper limb for manipulation
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41
Q

Similar limb structure

A
  • single proximal long bone
  • two distal long bones
  • hands and feet
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42
Q

Limb attachments

A 
- pectoral (shoulder) girdle
Clavicle
Scapula
- pelvic girdle
Hip bones (x2)
Sacrum (axial)
(Very stable)
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43
Q

Hand bones

A

Carpals (x8)
Metacarpals (x5)
Phalanges (x3 per finger)

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44
Q

Foot bones

A

Tarsals (x7)
Metatarsals (x5)
Phalanges (x3 per toe)

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45
Q

Functions of the skeleton

A
  • support
  • movement
  • protection
  • storage
  • RBC formation
    Eg vertebral column protects but allows some movement
    Eg storage of calcium (constant levels at large amounts)
    Eg storage of RBC in marrow (arms/legs)
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46
Q

Types of bone tissue

A
  • compact

- cancellous/spongy

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47
Q

Compact bone

A

Found where strength and load bearing is needed

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48
Q

Cancellous bone

A

Found where shock absorption is required. (Resists compression)

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49
Q

Bone classes

A
  • long bones
  • short bones
  • flat bones
  • irregular bones
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50
Q

Long bones

A
  • longer than they are wide
  • shaft or ‘diaphysis’
  • extremities (heads) or ‘epiphysis’
  • function as levers for movement
  • thicker compact bone in diaphysis
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51
Q

Short bones

A
  • Near equal in width and length
  • weight bearing/shock absorption
  • mostly cancellous bone
    Eg carpals/tarsals
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52
Q

Flat bones

A
  • protection (eg cranial bones)
  • muscle attachment (eg spatula)
  • thin plates of compact bone, some cancellous
    Eg cranial bones
    Outer compact
    Then spongy (diploe)
    Then inner compact
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53
Q

Irregular bone

A 
Variable shape and function
Often bones with holes
- eg vertebrae 
- little spines for muscle attachment
- bumps to interlock bones
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54
Q

Axial skeleton

A 
Skull
Rib cage
Vertebrae
Down to coccyx 
Only moving bone is the mandible (jaw)
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55
Q

Skull

A
  • cranium (vault)
  • facial bones
  • mandible
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56
Q

Vertebral column

A

Interlocking bones

  • cervical (neck) 7
  • thoracic (chest) 12
  • lumbar (lower back) 5
  • sacrum - 5 fused vertebrae attached to hips and pelvis
  • coccyx - tailbone
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57
Q

Rib cage

A
  • ribs
  • sternum
    Ribs connect to cartilage which connects to sternum
58
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A
  • limbs (arm/forearm/thigh/leg)

- pelvic girdle

59
Q

Human locomotion

A 
Human only bipedal animal
Pelvis/spine/head characteristics for it
- bipedalism (2 limbs)
- quadrapedal (4 limbs)
- lower limb is for stability and locomotion
- upper limb for manipulation
60
Q

Similar limb structure

A
  • single proximal long bone
  • two distal long bones
  • hands and feet
61
Q

Limb attachments (not similar)

A 
- pectoral (shoulder) girdle (out wide for more movement)
Clavicle
Scapula
- pelvic girdle
Hip bones (x2)
Sacrum (axial)
(Very stable/solid/load bearing)
62
Q

Humerus and femur

A

Different function = slightly different structures
Head of femur - protruding end to attach to the pelvis
Shoulder joint weaker but more movement

63
Q

Hand bones

A

Carpals (x8)
Metacarpals (x5)
Phalanges (x3 per finger)

64
Q

Foot bones

A

Tarsals (x7)
Metatarsals (x5)
Phalanges (x3 per toe)

65
Q

Elbow joint

A

Like a hinge

66
Q

Tibia

A

Weight bearing

67
Q

Fibula

A

Makes up part of ankle joint

- prone to breaking

68
Q

Bone tissue

A

A living tissue

  • connective tissue
  • has cells/extra cellular matrix
69
Q

Remodelling of bone

A

Eg pitcher has larger muscle attachments on bone because muscle in that arm are bigger
Eg wearing braces: pressure/tension on teeth - moves bone in tissue

70
Q

Bone tissue composition

A
  • small amount cells
  • mostly extra cellular matrix
    (Organic = 1/3 inorganic = 2/3)
71
Q

Organic component of ECM in bone tissue

A

Proteins that are synthesised by the cells.

Collagen fibres main component.

72
Q

Inorganic component in ECM in bone tissue

A

Taken from the environment and used

73
Q

Loose connective tissue

A
  • cells (fibroblasts - makes collagen)
  • ECM a (collagen fibres/ground substance - proteoglycans)
    Looseness depends on density of fibers
    Eg skin: limited stretch
74
Q

Collagen fibres

A
  • high strength (resists stretch)
  • tendons/ligaments/bone/cartilage need to resist stretch
  • so all contain large amount of collagen in their ECM
75
Q

Regular dense connective tissue

A
  • cells (fibroblasts)
  • ECM (collagen fibres/ground substance)
    Eg tendons
76
Q

What helps the skeleton resist compression?

A

Modified ECM

77
Q

Cartilage - connective tissue

A
  • cells (chondrocytes- specific function to make cartilage)
  • ECM (collagen fibres/modified proteoglycans/no blood vessels- hence doesn’t heal well, nutrients by diffusion through matrix)
    Largely aqueous
    Eg surfaces of joints-shock absorption
78
Q

Bone made of

A

Cells (osteocytes)

- ECM (collagen fibres/inorganic salts - calcium & phosphate)

79
Q

Inorganic salts (minerals) in bone ECM

A

Hardens/rigidity - resistance to compression

Makes matrix impermeable to nutrients

80
Q

Osteoblasts (Ob)

A

Build ECM

81
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells

82
Q

Osteoclasts (Oc)

A

Breaks down ECM

83
Q

Bone without minerals (inorganic)

A

Can bend into a knot

84
Q

Bone without collagen (organic)

A

Brittle - breaks like glass

85
Q

Where is compact bone?

A

In shafts of long bones

86
Q

Where is cancellous bone?

A

In the head of long bones

87
Q

Cancellous bone structure

A
  • trabeculae (struts of lamella bone)
  • marrow filled cavities (holes)
  • osteocytes housed in lacuna on surfaces of trabeculae
88
Q

Organisation of trabeculae in cancellous bone

A

Different depending on pressure on bone.

More where higher pressure is

89
Q

Arrangement of fibres in long bones

A
  • blood vessels pass into bone & travel along bone
  • resists bending but not too heavy
  • calcified collagen fibres packed around edges
  • bone marrow inside cylinder
  • compact bone doesn’t turnover as much as cancellous
  • compact bone helps repair fractures
90
Q

Growth plate

A

Line of cartilage between bones

91
Q

Bone begins as

A

A cartilage model

92
Q

Process of transforming cartilage to bone

A

Ossification

93
Q

Primary centre of ossification

A

Diaphysis/shaft

94
Q

Secondary centres of ossification

A

Epiphysis: head of bone.

95
Q

As child grows older (bone growth)

A

Ossification increases

Growth plate decreases

96
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A
  • cartilage grows through division of chondrocytes (secretion of ECM)
  • mature enlarged chondrocytes die (cavities in matrix)
  • ossification as blood vessels migrate into spaces (fibroblasts differentiate into osteoblasts)
97
Q

What happens when the cartilage is fully replaced by bone?

A

There can be no more bone growth, but only bone remodelling

98
Q

Bone growth in length

A
  • growth plate
99
Q

Bone growth by width/moulding

A
  • osteoblasts in periosteum increase width

- osteoclasts mould the bone shape and form the medullary cavity

100
Q

Homeostasis of bone

A
  • bone turnover throughout adulthood largely as a consequence of the role of bone in calcium homeostasis
  • approx 10% turnover per year
  • controlled by PTH which activates osteoclasts
101
Q

Osteoporosis

A
  • bone pathology caused by abnormal bone turnover (excess osteoclasts over osteoblasts activity)
  • compact bone thinner
  • cancellous bone porous
102
Q

Causes of osteoporosis

A
  • age loss of oestrogen

- lifestyle factors (lack of exercise/nutritional factors/peak bone mass)

103
Q

Most common fracture sites

A
  1. Ankle (fibula)
  2. Hip
  3. Wrist
  4. Arm/forearm
  5. Clavicle
104
Q

Stage 1 of fracture healing

A

Nerves all around bone (pain) protects us from further damage

  • haematoma/capillaries(bleeding around the break)
  • phagocytes (sets structure for cells that will repair)
105
Q

Stage 2 of fracture healing

A
  • blood brings fibroblasts to site
  • condroblasts comes and makes cartilage (fills up area of break)
  • soft callus is formed (growing cells) - fibrocartilaginous callus
106
Q

Stage 3 of fracture healing

A

Much like bone growth

  • bony callus
  • osteoblasts
107
Q

Stage 4 of fracture healing

A

Remodelling

108
Q

Pseudoarthrosis

A

Due to failure to set the bone properly

109
Q

Types of fractures

A
  • closed/simple (fracture stays in place)
  • open/compound (sometimes open wound)
  • green stick (not fully broken all the way through)
110
Q

Osteon

Lined up cylinders in compact bone

A 
Big cylinders of bone
Layers of osteon=lamellae 
Blood vessels go through the middle
Canaliculi = small canals that go from side of cylinder to blood vessel
Osteocytes make up osteons
111
Q

Trabeculae

A

The equivalent of an osteon in compact bone
Sam structure but doesn’t need transverse channels for nutrients
- more trabeculae for more tension

112
Q

Marrow

A

Where blood cells are formed

113
Q

Joint

A
  • holds bones together
  • where bones meet (articulation)
  • involves bone shapes and soft tissue
  • allow free movement/or control movement
114
Q

Soft tissues associated with joints

A
  • cartilage
  • tendons
  • ligaments
115
Q

Soft tissue with joints composition

A

Have no inorganic component

  • cells
  • ECM
116
Q

Cartilage

Types

A
  • hyaline/articular

- fibrocartilage

117
Q

General cartilage composition

A
  • collagen fibres in a ground substance (ECM)
  • chondrocytes live in lacuna
  • nutrients diffuse through matrix by joint loading (not vascular)
118
Q

Hyaline cartilage:

A
  • allows shock absorption
  • smooth/frictionless surface (movement of bones in synovial joints)
  • moulds to surface of bones
  • high fluid content in matrix
  • function: resists compression
    Not much collagen
119
Q

Fibrocartilage

A
  • strong collagen fibres (form bundles throughout matrix)
  • fibres align with stress
  • function: resists compression & tension
    Eg between vertabrae (spreads load on whole joint)
    Eg meniscus- cartilage of knee joint (deepens articulation)
120
Q

Meniscus

A

Bony congruence = the sum of the bone surfaces that form an articulation
- less bony congruence = more soft tissue support

121
Q

Ligaments and tendons

A
  • dense fibrous connective tissue (DFCT)
  • collagen
  • fibroblasts
  • function: resist tension
  • some vascularity but minimal collagen fibres with bone
  • very slow healing
122
Q

Ligaments attach

A

Bone to bone
Restrict movement
Very strong

123
Q

Tendons attach

A

Muscle to bone
Facilitate movement
Not as strong as ligaments

124
Q

Joints always a trade off between

A

Stability and mobility

125
Q

Types of joints

A
  • fibrous - bone to bone
  • fibrocartilaginous
  • synovial
126
Q

Fibrous joint

A
  • most stable, no mobility
  • function = protection
    Eg cranial suture (little ligament between bones)
127
Q

Fontanelles

A

Allow brain growth in child skull

128
Q

Example of fibrous joint

A
  • distal tibiofibula joint
  • tissue = DFCT a
  • structure = ligament
  • function = limited movement lost stability
129
Q

Fibrocartilaginous

A
  • bone to cartilage to bone
  • some movement/stability
  • absorb shock
  • protection
    Eg vertabrae disks
130
Q

Example of fibrocartilaginous joint

A

Rib cartilage
Some movement (to breath)
- fibrocartilage tissue

131
Q

Synovial joint

A
  • most limb joints
    Maximum movement
  • stability dependant on supporting tissue
132
Q

Structure of synovial joint

A
  • complex association of tissues and structures
  • facilitation of free movement and control of movement
  • synovial membrane lines inner surface of the capsule (secretes synovial fluid - lubrication of joint)
133
Q

Range of movement in synovial joints

A
  • shape of bone ends determines movement

- limited by ligaments

134
Q

Synovial joint features

A

Bone ends determine the range of motion at a joint

  • articular cartilage
  • cover bone ends where they articulate and move over each other
135
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Lines the inner surface of the capsule

136
Q

Ligaments in synovial joints

A

Capsular ligament

Intra capsular ligament

137
Q

Capsular ligament

A
  • holds bones together
  • thick and tight where more support is required - loose on sides where movement is allowed
  • potential space/cavity
138
Q

Collateral ligaments of the knee

A
  • medial restricts abduction

- lateral restricts adduction

139
Q

Intra capsular ligament

A
  • holds bones together
  • restricts movement between bones
    Very strong: prevents femur falling off tibia and knee joint
140
Q

Cruciate ligaments of knee

A
  • arise from tibia and insert into femur
  • anterior cruciate restricts posterior displacement of femur (hypertension)
  • posterior cruciate displacement of femur
141
Q

Fibrocartilagenous meniscus

A
  • deepen articulation
142
Q

Bursae

A
  • fibrous filled sac filled with synovial fluid
  • cushioning where tendons pass over muscles
  • sometimes form sheaths around tendons
143
Q

Structure of synovial joints (components)

A
  • bone ends
  • articular cartilage
  • capsule
  • cavity
  • synovial membrane
  • ligaments

HUBS191 (13 decks)

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