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HUBS191 > Lecture 17 > Flashcards

Lecture 17 Flashcards

0
Q

What is co-ordination in the nervous system?

A

Producing a response to the information from the environment

  • drink water
  • get warmer
  • prepare to run (flight) or confront (fight)
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1
Q

What is integration in the nervous system?

A

Sensing the environment:

  • thirsty
  • cold
  • hear loud/scar noise
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2
Q

What are the two different nervous systems?

A
  • central nervous system

- peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of?

A
  • brain

- spinal cord (continuation of brain)

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4
Q

What type of cells are in the brain and spinal cord?

A

Neurons (nerve cells)

Glia (support cells)

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5
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

A

Peripheral nerves (outside brain-in body)

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6
Q

What types of cells are in the peripheral nervous system?

A

Neurons (nerve cells)

Glia (support cells)

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7
Q

What are the two key points of cells of the nervous system?

A
  • they are specialised for specific tasks

- they come in two main forms (glia and neurons)

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8
Q

What makes the specialised cells different?

A

They look different

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9
Q

What are the 3 main features of glia cells?

A
  1. Support for neurons
  2. 5 basic types (4 in CNS, 1 in PNS)
  3. Each type has a specific function
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10
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the neurons?

A
  1. Cells specialised for transmission of info.
  2. Many different types of info.
  3. Many (thousands) of different types
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11
Q

What are the 4 Glia cells of the CNS?

A
  • Astrocytes (Star cell)
  • microglia (small)
  • ependumal cells
  • oligodendrocytes (some processes)
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12
Q

What are the 3 features of the Astrocytes?

A
  • supply nutrients to neurons
  • ens health blood capillaries (help regulate blood flow in brain)
  • transmit information (this is a new role)
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13
Q

What are the 2 features of the microglia?

A
  • immune cells of the CNS

- engulf microorganisms (bacteria/viruses) and debris

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14
Q

What are the 2 features of the ependymal cells?

A
  • line fluid filled spaces of brain and spinal cord

- have cilia (hair like) to help circulate CSF

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15
Q

What are the 2 features of the oligodendreocytes?

A
  • support nerve fibers (axons)

- ensheath them with myelin

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16
Q

What is the cell of the PNS?

A

Schwaan cell

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17
Q

What is the 3 features of the schwaan cell?

A
  • supports peripheral nerve fibers
  • ensheath them with myelin
  • similar to oligodendrocytes (CNS)
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18
Q

What is the structure of a schwaan cell?

A

Nerve fiber in the middle and membrane wrapped around it multiple times

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19
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

Lipid (fat) (membrane) wrapped around the axon

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20
Q

Where does the myelin sheath come from in the CNS?

A

CNS oligodendrocytes

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21
Q

Where does the myelin sheath come from in the PNS?

A

PNS a schwaan cell

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22
Q

What is the myelin sheath for?

A

Increases conduction velocity (faster transmittion of electrical impulses

23
Q

What is the basic structure of a neuron?

A
  • dendrites
  • cell body
  • axon
  • axon terminals
24
Q

What are the key points of the dendrites?

A
  • receives input (info)

- sends info to the cell body

25
Q

What are the features of a cell body?

A

(Triangle shape)

  • has nucleus inside
  • has organelles inside
26
Q

What are the features of the axon (nerve fiber)

A
  • carries electrical impulses

- may or may not be myelinated

27
Q

What are the features of the axon terminals?

A
  • neurotransmitter (chemical) release (on to next neuron)
28
Q

What is a Node of Ranvier?

A
  • gaps between myelin

- increases conduction

29
Q

What is the input zone?

A
  • dendrites/cell body

- receives chemical signals from other neurons

30
Q

What is the summation zone?

A
  • axon hillock

- decision to transmit signal further

31
Q

What is the conduction zone?

A
  • axon (may be quite long)

- carry electrical signals between brain areas, to/from spinal cord, or to/from peripheral sensory receptors

32
Q

What is the output zone?

A
  • axon terminals
  • contact with input zone of other neurons
  • release of neurotransmitters (chemical signal)
33
Q

What is an axon hillock?

A

Makes a decision about whether to pass on information.

Eg person gets txt messages about persons birthday.. Decides whether or not to pass on that info (she is the hillock)

34
Q

What are the morphological types of neurons?

A
  • multipolar
  • bipolar
  • uni(pseudo) polar
35
Q

What are the features of a multipolar neuron?

A

Multiple processes emanate from the cell body

  • multiple dendrites
  • single axon
36
Q

What are the features of the bipolar neuron?

A
  • 2 processes emanate from the cell body
  • one function as dendrite
  • one function as axon
37
Q

What are the features of a unipolar neuron?

A
  • one process emanates from the cell body

- then branches into the dendrite and axon

38
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Communication between neurons occurs through a junction called a synapse

39
Q

What happens during synapse?

A

The electrical signals are converted to chemical signals (neurotransmitter release) then converts back to electrical when at dendrites of next neuron

40
Q

What is the synaptic cleft?

A

The area between the axon terminals one one neuron and the dendrites of the other neuron

41
Q

Details about the neuron 1

A
  • pre synaptic neuron (before synapse)
  • contains synaptic vesicles (little packets of neurotransmitter)
  • releases neurotransmitter (as a chemical signal) from axon terminal
42
Q

Details of neuron 2

A
  • post synaptic neuron (after synapse)

- contains receptors for neurotransmitters (proteins in membrane)

43
Q

What are the 3 different types of synapse?

A
  • axodendritic synapses
  • axosomatic synapses
  • axoaxonic synapses
44
Q

Where does the axodendritic contact the post-synaptic cell?

A

The dendrites

45
Q

Where does the axosomatic contact the post-synaptic cell?

A

The cell body (soma)

46
Q

Where does the axoaxonic contact the post-synaptic cell?

A

The axon

47
Q

Which of the 3 types of synapse types is most common?

A

The axodendritic synapses

48
Q

How does the information flow in the nervous system?

A

It flows in both direction (into/out of brain)

49
Q

What is affarent (ascending)

A

Information that goes into the brain

50
Q

What is efferent (descending)?

A

Information that comes out of the brain.

51
Q

How are cells in the CNS grouped?

A

Cells are grouped into nuclei (not normal nucleus) (Central part important for function)

52
Q

How are axons grouped in CNS?

A

They are grouped into tracts (a major passage)

53
Q

How are cells grouped in PNS?

A

Grouped into ganglia (swelling or mass)

54
Q

How are axons grouped in PNS?

A

They are grouped into nerves

HUBS191 (13 decks)

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