Lecture 17

Question 0

What is co-ordination in the nervous system?

Answer 0

Producing a response to the information from the environment

• drink water
• get warmer
• prepare to run (flight) or confront (fight)

Question 1

What is integration in the nervous system?

Answer 1

Sensing the environment:

• thirsty
• cold
• hear loud/scar noise

Question 2

What are the two different nervous systems?

Answer 2

• central nervous system

- peripheral nervous system

Question 3

What does the central nervous system consist of?

Answer 3

• brain

- spinal cord (continuation of brain)

Question 4

What type of cells are in the brain and spinal cord?

Answer 4

Neurons (nerve cells)

Glia (support cells)

Question 5

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

Answer 5

Peripheral nerves (outside brain-in body)

Question 6

What types of cells are in the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 6

Neurons (nerve cells)

Glia (support cells)

Question 7

What are the two key points of cells of the nervous system?

Answer 7

• they are specialised for specific tasks

- they come in two main forms (glia and neurons)

Question 8

What makes the specialised cells different?

Answer 8

They look different

Question 9

What are the 3 main features of glia cells?

Answer 9

1. Support for neurons
2. 5 basic types (4 in CNS, 1 in PNS)
3. Each type has a specific function

Question 10

What are the 3 main functions of the neurons?

Answer 10

1. Cells specialised for transmission of info.
2. Many different types of info.
3. Many (thousands) of different types

Question 11

What are the 4 Glia cells of the CNS?

Answer 11

• Astrocytes (Star cell)
• microglia (small)
• ependumal cells
• oligodendrocytes (some processes)

Question 12

What are the 3 features of the Astrocytes?

Answer 12

• supply nutrients to neurons
• ens health blood capillaries (help regulate blood flow in brain)
• transmit information (this is a new role)

Question 13

What are the 2 features of the microglia?

Answer 13

• immune cells of the CNS

- engulf microorganisms (bacteria/viruses) and debris

Question 14

What are the 2 features of the ependymal cells?

Answer 14

• line fluid filled spaces of brain and spinal cord

- have cilia (hair like) to help circulate CSF

Question 15

What are the 2 features of the oligodendreocytes?

Answer 15

• support nerve fibers (axons)

- ensheath them with myelin

Question 16

What is the cell of the PNS?

Answer 16

Schwaan cell

Question 17

What is the 3 features of the schwaan cell?

Answer 17

• supports peripheral nerve fibers
• ensheath them with myelin
• similar to oligodendrocytes (CNS)

Question 18

What is the structure of a schwaan cell?

Answer 18

Nerve fiber in the middle and membrane wrapped around it multiple times

Question 19

What is the myelin sheath?

Answer 19

Lipid (fat) (membrane) wrapped around the axon

Question 20

Where does the myelin sheath come from in the CNS?

Answer 20

CNS oligodendrocytes

Question 21

Where does the myelin sheath come from in the PNS?

Answer 21

PNS a schwaan cell

Question 22

What is the myelin sheath for?

Answer 22

Increases conduction velocity (faster transmittion of electrical impulses

Question 23

What is the basic structure of a neuron?

Answer 23

• dendrites
• cell body
• axon
• axon terminals

Question 24

What are the key points of the dendrites?

Answer 24

- receives input (info) | - sends info to the cell body

Question 25

What are the features of a cell body?

Answer 25

(Triangle shape) - has nucleus inside - has organelles inside

Question 26

What are the features of the axon (nerve fiber)

Answer 26

- carries electrical impulses | - may or may not be myelinated

Question 27

What are the features of the axon terminals?

Answer 27

- neurotransmitter (chemical) release (on to next neuron)

Question 28

What is a Node of Ranvier?

Answer 28

- gaps between myelin | - increases conduction

Question 29

What is the input zone?

Answer 29

- dendrites/cell body | - receives chemical signals from other neurons

Question 30

What is the summation zone?

Answer 30

- axon hillock | - decision to transmit signal further

Question 31

What is the conduction zone?

Answer 31

- axon (may be quite long) | - carry electrical signals between brain areas, to/from spinal cord, or to/from peripheral sensory receptors

Question 32

What is the output zone?

Answer 32

- axon terminals - contact with input zone of other neurons - release of neurotransmitters (chemical signal)

Question 33

What is an axon hillock?

Answer 33

Makes a decision about whether to pass on information. | Eg person gets txt messages about persons birthday.. Decides whether or not to pass on that info (she is the hillock)

Question 34

What are the morphological types of neurons?

Answer 34

- multipolar - bipolar - uni(pseudo) polar

Question 35

What are the features of a multipolar neuron?

Answer 35

Multiple processes emanate from the cell body - multiple dendrites - single axon

Question 36

What are the features of the bipolar neuron?

Answer 36

- 2 processes emanate from the cell body - one function as dendrite - one function as axon

Question 37

What are the features of a unipolar neuron?

Answer 37

- one process emanates from the cell body | - then branches into the dendrite and axon

Question 38

What is a synapse?

Answer 38

Communication between neurons occurs through a junction called a synapse

Question 39

What happens during synapse?

Answer 39

The electrical signals are converted to chemical signals (neurotransmitter release) then converts back to electrical when at dendrites of next neuron

Question 40

What is the synaptic cleft?

Answer 40

The area between the axon terminals one one neuron and the dendrites of the other neuron

Question 41

Details about the neuron 1

Answer 41

- pre synaptic neuron (before synapse) - contains synaptic vesicles (little packets of neurotransmitter) - releases neurotransmitter (as a chemical signal) from axon terminal

Question 42

Details of neuron 2

Answer 42

- post synaptic neuron (after synapse) | - contains receptors for neurotransmitters (proteins in membrane)

Question 43

What are the 3 different types of synapse?

Answer 43

- axodendritic synapses - axosomatic synapses - axoaxonic synapses

Question 44

Where does the axodendritic contact the post-synaptic cell?

Answer 44

The dendrites

Question 45

Where does the axosomatic contact the post-synaptic cell?

Answer 45

The cell body (soma)

Question 46

Where does the axoaxonic contact the post-synaptic cell?

Answer 46

The axon

Question 47

Which of the 3 types of synapse types is most common?

Answer 47

The axodendritic synapses

Question 48

How does the information flow in the nervous system?

Answer 48

It flows in both direction (into/out of brain)

Question 49

What is affarent (ascending)

Answer 49

Information that goes into the brain

Question 50

What is efferent (descending)?

Answer 50

Information that comes out of the brain.

Question 51

How are cells in the CNS grouped?

Answer 51

Cells are grouped into nuclei (not normal nucleus) (Central part important for function)

Question 52

How are axons grouped in CNS?

Answer 52

They are grouped into tracts (a major passage)

Question 53

How are cells grouped in PNS?

Answer 53

Grouped into ganglia (swelling or mass)

Question 54

How are axons grouped in PNS?

Answer 54

They are grouped into nerves