Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HUBS191 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

0
Q

What do unicellular organisms need from the immediate external environment? (X6)

A
  • nutrients
  • solute concentrations
  • temperature
  • pH
  • removal of toxins (waste)
  • protection of predators
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What do unicellular organisms depend on to provide the conditions to aid their survival?

A

The immediate external environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do multicellular organisms provide their stable environment?

A

Specialised cells form tissues/organs/organ systems which are capable of providing a stable internal environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why can multicellular organisms thrive in a wide variety of conditions?

A

They don’t rely fully on the external environment to provide a stable environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The ECF (internal environment) has to do what to survive?

A

Stay within specific parameters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does the external environment (outside body) affect the cells?

A
  • source of nutrients
  • site for waste disposal
  • changeable
  • has pathogens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What processes does the ECF help with?

A
  • nutrient delivery route

- waste disposal route

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What part of the total body water does the ECF make up?

A

1/3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What part of the total body water does the intra cellular fluid make up (ICF)?

A

2/3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the definition of homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of relatively constant conditions in the internal environment (ECF) in the face of external (or internal) change.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Canons homeostasis idea 1

A

In our bodies there are mechanisms that act to maintain constancy (to resist or assists change).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Canons homeostasis ideas 2

A

Any tendency toward change automatically meets with factors that resist change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Canons homeostasis idea 3

A

There are cooperating mechanisms which act simultaneously or successively to maintain homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Canons homeostasis idea 4

A

Homeostasis does not occur by chance, but is the result of organised self-government

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Specific ECF variables that need to be controlled

A
  • Na+
  • Ca+
  • glucose
  • potassium
  • pH
  • core body temp
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the main ECF cation?

A

Na+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What largely determines the ECF fluid volume?

A

Na+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What else does the Na+ influence?

A

Blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Na important for in terms of nerves and muscle?

A

Action potential generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the normal Na+ concentration?

A

135-145mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the structural component of teeth and bones?

A

Ca+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Is Ca+ involved in nerve function?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is Ca+ essential for?

A

Coagulation (stopping bleeding)

23
Q

What helps regulate enzyme function?

A

Ca+

24
Q

What is the normal concentration for Ca+?

A

2.1-2.6mmol/L

25
Q

What is glucose used for by cells?

A

To create ATP for energy

26
Q

What does high glucose levels cause?

A

Chronic and acute problems

27
Q

What does low glucose affect?

A

Brain function

28
Q

What is the normal fasting glucose concentration (before breakfast)?

A

3.5-6mmol/L

29
Q

What is the normal non-fasting glucose concentration?

A

3.5-8mmol/L

30
Q

What is the most common ICF cation?

A

K+

31
Q

What is the main determinant of the resting brand potential?

A

K+ especially in excitable tissue (nerve/muscle)

32
Q

What is the normal K+ concentration?

A

3.5-5mmol/L

33
Q

What happens when pH is too low?

A

Acidosis
Nerve/brain function
Consciousness

34
Q

What happens when pH is too high?

A

Alkalosis
Over excitability nerve/muscles
Muscle spasms/convulsions

35
Q

What is the normal pH?

A

7.35-7.45

36
Q

What is the optimal core body temp?

A

37 degrees

37
Q

What does the best core body temp allow?

A

Optimal metabolic and physiological functioning

38
Q

What temp is more variable?

A

Peripheral temp
Arms/legs
Oral/armpit
Rectal

39
Q

What does diffusion result from?

A

The random movement of molecules as a consequence of their thermal energy

40
Q

Is diffusion fast?

A

Yes rapid over short distances

41
Q

What substances don’t need a channel to diffuse through a membrane?

A
  • oxygen/carbon dioxide
  • steroid hormones
  • anaesthetic agents
42
Q

What substances need specific channels to travel through the membrane?

A
  • water

- ions

43
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

The net movement of water across a membrane, down its own conc gradient (or towards the region with the higher solute conc).

44
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

The pressure required to just stop osmosis.

45
Q

How are fluid shifts damaging?

A

Create pressure that can damage cells

46
Q

How do fluid shifts occur?

A

Differences in solute concentration across a membrane

47
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

The measure of total number of solute particles per litre solution (regardless of what they are).

48
Q

What units are used for osmolarity?

A
  • osmol/L

- mosmol/L

49
Q

What is the osmolarity normally in the ECF and ICF?

A

275-300mosmol/L

50
Q

What is tonicity?

A

The effect a solution has on cell volume

51
Q

What are the different things the tonicity can be?

A
  • hypertonic
  • hypotonic
  • isotonic
52
Q

What is hypertonic?

A

The cell shrinks

53
Q

What is hypotonic?

A

The cell swells

54
Q

What is isotonic?

A

No change in the cell

55
Q

How is tonality different from osmolarity?

A

Tonality is influenced by the type of solute particle, particularly whether it can pass across the membrane or not.

56
Q

What happens if the osmolarity of one compartment changes?

A

Water will diffuse by osmosis until equilibrium is restored.

HUBS191 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions