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Medical Terminology > Musculoskeletal System & Special Senses > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System & Special Senses Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Transsphenoidal Hypophysectomy

A

Surgical removal of (part) of the pituitary gland through the sphenoid bone (nose area)

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2
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Skull/trunk area

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3
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Connect to extremities (limbs)

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4
Q

How many bones are in an adult human body?

A

206

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5
Q

Another word for joint

A

Articulation

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6
Q

Cartilage

A

Protect bone surface

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7
Q

Types of cartilage (3)

A

Articular
Menisci
Bursa

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8
Q

Ligaments

A

Connect bone to bone

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9
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system? (4)

A

Framework for muscle and organ attachment
Aid in support of body weight and movement
Hematopoiesis
Mineral storage (calcium)

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10
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Formation of blood cells

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11
Q

What aids in mineral storage in bones?

A

Osteoclasts

Osteoblasts

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12
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Break down bone by it being dissolved

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13
Q

What dissolves the bones for mineral storage?

A

Parathyroid hormone

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14
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Build bone

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15
Q

What helps build bone?

A

Calcitonin

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16
Q

What do the stressors on body result in?

A

Bones being a “living tissue” because they are constantly being remodeled

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17
Q

Epiphysis

A

End of bone

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18
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of bone

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19
Q

Epiphyseal Plate

A

Growth plate in bones

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20
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A

Formed in bones

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21
Q

Hematopoietic

A

Blood forming

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22
Q

Yellow Bone Marrow

A

Fat storage

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23
Q

What are muscle cells capable of?

A

Shortening/contracting

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24
Q

Tendons

A

Attach muscle to bone

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25
Q

What do tendons allow for?

A

Movement at a joint

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26
Q

What are the types of muscle tissue? (3)

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

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27
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Striated and voluntary

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28
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Unstriated and involuntary

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29
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Heart muscles

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30
Q

Combining Form for Bone

A

Osteo

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31
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Softening of bone (decreased vitamin D and/or calcium)

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32
Q

Combining Form for Muscle

A

Myo

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33
Q

Myodynia

A

Muscle pain

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34
Q

Myalgia

A

Muscle pain

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35
Q

Fibromyalgia

A

Chronic, widespread muscle pain

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36
Q

Combining Form for Smooth Muscle

A

Leiomyo

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37
Q

Combining Form for Skeletal Muscle

A

Rhabdomyo

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38
Q

Combining Form for Cartilage

A

Chondro

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39
Q

Costochondritis

A

Inflammation of rib cartilage

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40
Q

Combining Form for Joint

A

Arthro

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41
Q

Arthritis

A

Inflammation of a joint(s)

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42
Q

Combining Forms for Vertebra (2)

A

Spondylo

Vertebro

43
Q

Ankylosing Spondylitis

A

Inflammation of vertebra

Causes fusion

44
Q

Combining Form for Bone Marrow/Spinal Cord

A

Myelo

45
Q

Multiple Myeloma

A

A cancer of certain white blood cells (plasma cells)

46
Q

3 Common Types of Arthritis

A

Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Gout

47
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Cartilage between bones starts degenerating

48
Q

What is the most common type of arthritis?

A

Osteoarthritis in older individuals

Possibly caused by a previous injury

49
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

Autoimmune

Cartilage is attacked by the body

50
Q

Gout

A

Uric acid deposition

51
Q

Where is gout most common? (2)

A

Knuckles and big toes

52
Q

Osteoporosis (4)

A

Decrease in density of bones
Thinning/weakened bones
Decreased joint space
Compression fractures

53
Q

When is osteoporosis common in females?

A

After menopause

54
Q

When can prevention for osteoporosis occur?

A

Ages 1-20 by consuming enough vitamin D and calcium and doing weight bearing exercises

55
Q

Arthroscopy

A

Using an arthroscope to take a look inside and repair a joint

56
Q

Arthroplasty

A

Surgical repair (usually replacement) of a joint

57
Q

What are the special senses? (5)

A 
Gustation
Olfaction
Vision
Equilibrium
Audition
58
Q

Gustation

A

Taste

59
Q

Olfaction

A

Smell

60
Q

Vision

A

Sight

61
Q

Equilibrium

A

Balance

62
Q

Audition

A

Hearing

63
Q

Rods

A

Low light

Black and white

64
Q

Cones

A

Color

High light?

65
Q

Optic Chiasm

A

The crossover of eye optic nerves

66
Q

What can a pituitary tumor lead to?

A

Someone losing their peripheral vision because it impacts that nerve on the side of the eyeball

67
Q

Combining Form for Eyelids

A

Blepharo

68
Q

Blepharospasm

A

Involuntary contraction of eyelid

“Eye twitching”

69
Q

Combining Form for Conjunctiva

A

Conjunctivo

70
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Thin covering over sclera in eye

71
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

Pink eye

Inflammation of conjunctiva

72
Q

Combining Form for Pupil

A

Pupillio

73
Q

Anisocoria

A

Pupillary inequality that may be congenital or due to brain damage

74
Q

Combining Form for Two

A

Diplo

75
Q

Diplopia

A

Double Vision

76
Q

Combining Forms for Eye (2)

A

Oculo

Ophthalmo

77
Q

Intraocular

A

Within the eye

78
Q

Ophthalmologist

A

Eye doctor

79
Q

Ophthalmoscope

A

Instrument for observing the retina and other intraocular structures

80
Q

Lacrimation

A

Tear production

81
Q

Myopia

A

Near-sightedness

82
Q

Near-sightedness

A

Image is focused before it reaches the retina

Can see things close up but not far away

83
Q

Hyperopia

A

Far-sightedness

84
Q

Far-sightedness

A

Focused after the retina

Can see things far away but not close-up

85
Q

Cataract

A

Clouding of the lens

86
Q

Glaucoma

A

Increased intraocular pressure in the anterior eye cavity due to buildup of the aqueous humor

87
Q

Macular Degeneration

A

Breakdown of the macula resulting in central vision loss

88
Q

Macula

A

Location with the most cones in the eye

89
Q

Combining Form for Ear

A

Oto

90
Q

Otorrhea

A

Discharge from the ear (swimmer’s ear)

91
Q

Otitis Media

A

Inflammation of middle ear

“Ear infection”

92
Q

Otoscope

A

Instrument used to look inside ears

93
Q

Otalgia

A

Pain in the ear

94
Q

Otodynia

A

Pain in the ear

95
Q

Combining Form for Salpingo

A

Eustachian tubes (also uterine tubes)

96
Q

Salpingitis

A

Inflammation of the auditory tubes

97
Q

Presbycusis

A

Hearing impairment associated with age

98
Q

Conductive Hearing Loss

A

Issues with middle ear bones

Sounds not conducted to the cochlea well

99
Q

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

A

Cells in cochlea

Damaged due to loud sounds

100
Q

Tinnitus

A

Ringing in the ears

101
Q

Vertigo

A

Sensation of movement or spinning

Due to damage or infection of inner ear

102
Q

Combining Forms for Tympanic Membrane (2)

A

Myringo

Tympano

103
Q

Myringotomy

A

Incision into eardrum with tube placement to equalize air pressure and prevent infections

104
Q

PE Tubes

A

Pressure equalizing tubes

Medical Terminology (13 decks)

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