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Medical Terminology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Endocrine

A

Releases substances (hormones) into the bloodstream

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2
Q

Exocrine

A

Releases substances to outside of body or into intestines

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3
Q

Example of an exocrine gland

A

One that secretes digestive enzymes

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4
Q

Hypothalamus

A

The “control center” for pituitary gland

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5
Q

What does the hypothalamus produce?

A

Releasing factors

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6
Q

What do releasing factors from the hypothalamus do?

A

Stimulate the pituitary to produce hormones

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7
Q

What are the two parts of the pituitary gland?

A

Anterior and posterior pituitary

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8
Q

Adenohypophysis

A

Anterior pituitary

Glandular tissue

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9
Q

Neurohypophysis

A

Posterior pituitary
Neural tissue
Extension of the hypothalamus

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10
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

Releases hormones

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11
Q

Where is ACTH produced?

A

Anterior pituitary

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12
Q

Where is GH produced?

A

Anterior pituitary

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13
Q

Where is MSH produced?

A

Anterior pituitary

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14
Q

Where is TSH produced?

A

Anterior pituitary

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15
Q

Where is FSH and LH produced?

A

Anterior pituitary

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16
Q

Where is prolactin produced?

A

Anterior pituitary

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17
Q

Where is oxytocin produced?

A

Posterior pituitary

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18
Q

Where is ADH produced?

A

Posterior pituitary

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19
Q

Target Organs

A

Cells on organs that have receptors for specific hormones

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20
Q

Target organs for oxytocin

A 
Uterus
Mammary glands (breasts)
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21
Q

Functions of oxytocin

A

Stimulates contractions in the uterus

Promotes milk SECRETION in mammary glands

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22
Q

Disorders of oxytocin

A

Unknown

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23
Q

Target organs for prolactin

A

Mammary glands (breasts)

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24
Q

Functions of prolactin

A

Promotes milk PRODUCTION

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25
Q

Hyposecretion of prolactin results in

A

Decreased milk production in nursing mothers

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26
Q

Galactorrhea

A

Abnormal milk production

Excess milk production in non-nursing women or men

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27
Q

Target organs for follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones

A

Ovaries

Testes

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28
Q

Functions of follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones in females (2)

A

Promotes egg production and ovulation

Stimulates estrogen and progesterone production

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29
Q

Functions of follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones in males (2)

A

Promotes sperm production

Stimulates testosterone production

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30
Q

Hyposecretion of follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones

A

Decreased reproductive capacity

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31
Q

Hypersecretion of follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones

A

Unknown

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32
Q

Thyroid Hormones

A

Calcitonin

T4 and T3

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33
Q

Calcitonin

A

Thyroid hormone

Decreases blood calcium levels

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34
Q

How does calcitonin decrease blood calcium levels?

A

Takes calcium out of blood to build bones

Increases calcium loss from kidneys

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35
Q

What do T4 and T3 do?

A

Regulate metabolism

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36
Q

Myxedema

A

Slow metabolism
Hypothyroidism
Hyposecretion of TSH

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37
Q

Symptoms of myxedema (4)

A

Cold
Overweight
Fatigue
Swelling of face

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38
Q

Grave’s Disease

A

Increased metabolism
Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of TSH

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39
Q

Symptoms of Grave’s Disease (4)

A

Low weight
Heart arrhythmia
Anxiety
Exopthalamus

40
Q

Exopthalamus

A

Bulging eyes

41
Q

What causes exopthalamus?

A

Tissues are built up/swell behind eyes to push them out, causing them to bulge

42
Q

Target organs for growth hormones (4)

A

Bones
Cartilage
Liver
Muscles

43
Q

Functions for growth hormones (2)

A

Stimulates growth

Increases use of fats for energy

44
Q

Pituitary Dwarfism

A

Hyposecretion of growth hormones in children

45
Q

Gigantism

A

Hypersecretion of growth hormones in children

46
Q

Acromegaly

A

Enlargement of extremities

Hypersection of growth hormones in adults

47
Q

What else can acromegaly influence?

A

Organs

48
Q

What almost always causes gigantism and acromegaly?

A

Pituitary tumor

49
Q

Target organs for adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

Adrenal Cortex

50
Q

Functions of adrenocorticotropic hormone (2)

A

Stimules cortisol secretion

Helps body handle stressful situations

51
Q

Cortisol

A

Stress hormone

52
Q

Cushing Disease

A

Hypersecretion of cortisol (from adrenocorticotropic hormone)
Fat distribution is altered

53
Q

Symptoms of Cushing Disease

A 
Weight gain
Hair loss
Slow healing
Moon face
Buffalo hump
54
Q

Target organs for antidiuretic hormones (like vasopressin)

A

Kidneys

55
Q

Function of antidiuretic hormones

A

Stimulates the increase in water reabsorption in nephrons

56
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

Hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone

57
Q

Symptoms of diabetes insipidus

A

Excess urine production
Dehydration
Electrolyte (salt) imbalances

58
Q

Non-Pituitary Hormones (13)

A 
Calcitonin
Thyroxine
Triiodothyronine
Parathyroid Hormone
Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Mineral Corticoids (aldosterone)
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Glucagon
Insulin
Estrogen
Testosterone
Melatonin
59
Q

Where is the pineal gland located?

A

In brain

60
Q

What does the pineal gland produce?

A

Melatonin

61
Q

Melatonin

A

Helps regulate daily cycles

62
Q

Where is thymus located?

A

Behind sternum

Looks like a butterfly

63
Q

What does the thymus do?

A

Helps develop immune systems in children

64
Q

Adrenal Gland Hormones (2)

A

Mineral corticoids

Glucocorticoids

65
Q

Mineral Corticoids

A

Increases blood sodium levels

Hold more sodium in body

66
Q

How do mineral corticoids increase blood sodium levels?

A

Increasing reabsorption by kidneys

67
Q

What produces mineral corticoids?

A

Adrenal cortex

68
Q

Aldosteronism

A

Hypersecretion of mineral corticoids

Increases blood pressure and lowers potassium levels

69
Q

Addison’s Disease

A

Hyposecretion of mineral corticoids

70
Q

Symptoms of Addison’s disease (4)

A

Fatigue
Dizziness
Low blood pressure
Darkened skin

71
Q

Who had Addison’s disease?

A

JFK

72
Q

Glucocorticoids (2)

A

Regulate metabolism of carbs, proteins, and fats

Decreases inflammation

73
Q

What produces glucocorticoids?

A

Adrenal cortex

74
Q

What results from a hypersecretion of glucocorticoids?

A

Cushing Disease

75
Q

Parathyroid Hormones

A

Opposite of calcitonin

Increases blood calcium levels

76
Q

How do parathyroid hormones increase blood calcium levels?

A

Breaks down bone to get the calcium

Increases reabsorption by kidneys

77
Q

Pancreatic Hormones (2)

A

Glucagon

Insulin

78
Q

Glucagon

A

Increases blood glucose

79
Q

How does glucagon increase blood glucose?

A

Stimulating breakdown of glycogen

80
Q

Glycogen

A

Storage form of glucose

81
Q

Where is glycogen?

A

Liver and muscles

82
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Low blood sugar

Hyposecretion of glucagon

83
Q

Insulin

A

Decreases blood glucose

84
Q

How does insulin decrease blood glucose?

A

Stimulating cells to take up glucose from the blood

85
Q

What is Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 caused by?

A

Not enough insulin in body

Hyposecretion of insulin from the pancreas

86
Q

What happens during Diabetes Mellitus Type 1?

A

Body cannot absorb glucose

An autoimmune process where body attacks the insulin-producing cells

87
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

High blood glucose

88
Q

What is Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 caused by?

A

Cells in body not responding to insulin

Poor food choices and genetics

89
Q

What happens during Diabetes Mellitus Type 2?

A

Plenty of insulin is produced, but cells don’t act as they should
Causes hyperglycemia

90
Q

Symptoms of diabetes mellitus

A

Polydipsia
Polyuria
Polyphagia

91
Q

Polydipsia

A

Excessive thirst

92
Q

Polyuria

A

Excessive urination

93
Q

Polyphagia

A

Excessive eating

94
Q

Why is polydipsia a symptom of diabetes mellitus?

A

Person is losing a lot of water in urine

95
Q

Why is polyuria a symptom of diabetes mellitus?

A

Glucose in urine “pulls” water with it into urine so less water gets reabsorbed by kidneys

96
Q

Why is polyphasic a symptom of diabetes mellitus?

A

Person is not able to utilize glucose effectively in body, so they are always hungry

Medical Terminology (13 decks)

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