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Medical Terminology > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Functions of the Skeletal System

A
  1. Support
  2. Protection
  3. Movement
  4. Blood formation
  5. Mineral storage and balance
  6. Detoxification
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2
Q

Cartilage

A

Nonvascular, firm connective tissue found mostly in joints

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3
Q

Chiropractic

Chiropractor

chir/o- hand

  • pract- effecient
  • ic pertaining to
  • or a doer
A

Diagnosis, treatmentm and prevention of mechanical disorders of the musculoskeletal system

Practitioner of chiropractic

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4
Q

Detoxification

de- from, out of
tox/i- poison
-fication remove

A

Removal of poison from a tissue or substance

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5
Q

Ligament

A

Band of fibrous tissue connecting two structures

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6
Q

Muscle

Musculoskeletal

muscul/o- muscle

  • skelet- skeleton
  • al pertaining to
A

Tissue consisting of contractile cells

Pertaining to the muscles and the bony skeleton

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7
Q

Orthopedic

Orthopedist

orth/o- straight

  • ped- child
  • ic pertaining to
  • ist specialist
A

Pertaining to the correction and cure of deformities and diseases of the musculoskeletal system; originally most of the deformities treated were in children

Specialist in orthopedics

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8
Q

Osteopath

Osteopathy

oste/o- bone
-path disease

A

Practitioner of osteopathy

Medical practice based on maintaining the structural integrity of the musculoskeletal system

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9
Q

Tendon

A

Fibrous band that connects muscle to bone

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10
Q

Cortex

Cortical

cortic- cortex
-al pertaining to

A

Outer portion of an organ, such as a bone

Pertaining to the cortex

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11
Q

Diaphysis

A

The shaft of a long bone

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12
Q

Endosteum

end- within

  • oste- bone
  • um
A

A membrane of tissue lining the inner cavity of a long bone

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13
Q

Epiphysis

Epiphyseal Plate

epi- upon, above
-physis growth

phys- growth
-eal pertaining to

A

Expanded area at the proximal and distal ends of a long bone that provides increased surface area for attachment of ligaments and tendons

Layers of cartilage between epiphysis and metaphysis where bone growth occurs

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14
Q

Haversian Canal

Central Canal

A

Vascular canals in bone

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15
Q

Lacuna

Lacunae

A

Small space or cavity within the matrix of the bone

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16
Q

Marrow

A

Fatty, blood forming tissue in the cavities of the long bones

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17
Q

Medulla

Medullary

medull- middle
-ary pertaining to

A

Central portion of a structure surrounded by a cortex

Pertaining to the medulla

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18
Q

Metaphysis

meta- beyond, after, subsequent to
physis growth

A

Region between the diaphysis and the epiphysis where bone growth occurs

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19
Q

Osteoblast

oste/o- bone
-blast germ cell

A

Bone FORMING cells

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20
Q

Osteoclast

oste/o- bone
-clast break down

A

Bone REMOVING cell

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21
Q

Osteocyte

oste/o- bone
-cyte cell

A

Bone MAINTAINING cell

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22
Q

Osteogenesis

Osteogenic

oste/o- bone

  • genesis creation
  • genic producing
A

Creation of new bone

Relating to the creation of new bone

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23
Q

Osteoporosis

oste/o- bone

  • por- opening
  • osis condition
A

Condition in which the bones become more porous, brittle, and fragile, and more likely to fracture

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24
Q

Periosteum

Peristeal

peri- around

  • oste- bone
  • um tissue, structure
  • al pertaining to
A

Strong membrane surrounding a bone

Pertaining to the periosteum

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25
Q

Achondroplasia

a- without

  • chondr/o- cartilage
  • plasia formation
A

Condition with abnormal conversion of cartilage in bone, leading to dwarfism

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26
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

oste/o-bone
-genesis creation
imperfecta- unfinished

A

Inherited condition in which bone formation is incomplete, leading to fragile, easily broken bones

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27
Q

Osteomalacia

oste/o- bone
-malacia abnormal softness

A

Soft, flexible bones lacking in calcium

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28
Q

Osteomyelitis

oste/o- bone

  • myel- bone marrow
  • itis inflammation
A

Inflammation of bone tissue

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29
Q

Osteopenia

oste/o- bone
-penia deficient

A

Decreased calcification of bone

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30
Q

Resorption

A

Loss of substance, such as bone

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31
Q

Rickets

A

Disease in children due to vitamin D deficiency, producing soft, flexible bones

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32
Q

Sarcoma

Osteogenic Sarcoma

sarc- flesh
-oma tumor, mass

oste/o bone
-genic creation

A

A malignant tumor originating in connective tissue

Malignant tumor originating in bone-producing cells

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33
Q

Callus

A

The mass of fibrous connective tissue that forms at a fracture site and becomes the foundation for the formation of new bone

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34
Q

Cancellous

A

Bone that has a spongy or lattice like structure

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35
Q

Closed Fracture

closed- intact
fract- break
-ure result of

A

A bone that is broken but the skin over it is intact

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36
Q

Comminuted Fracture

comminut- break into small pieces
-ed pertaining to

A

A fracture in which the bone is broken into pieces

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37
Q

Complete Fracture

A

A bone that is fractured into two separate pieces

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38
Q

Compression Fracture

compress- press together
-ion condition, action

A

Frcature of a vertebra causing loss of height of the vertebra

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39
Q

Displaced Fracture

dis- apart, away from
placed- in an area

A

A fracture in which the fragments are separated and are not in alignment

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40
Q

Greenstick Fracture

A

A fracture in which one side of the bone is partially broken and the other side is bent. Occurs mostly in children

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41
Q

Hairline Fracture

A

A fracture without separation of fragments

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42
Q

Hematoma

hemato- blood
-oma tumor, mass

A

Collection of blood that has escaped from the blood vessels into tissue

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43
Q

Impacted Fracture

im- in

  • pact- driven in
  • ed pertaining to
A

A fracture in which the bone fragments

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44
Q

Incomplete Fracture

in- not
-complete fill in

A

A fracture that does not extend across the bone, as in a hairline fracture

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45
Q

Linear Fracture

line- a mark
-ar pertaining to

A

A fracture running parallel to the length of the bone

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46
Q

Oblique Fracture

A

A diagonal fracture across the long axis of the bone

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47
Q

Open Fracture

A

The skin over the fracture is is broken

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48
Q

Pathological Fracture

A

Fracture occurring at a site already weakened by a disease process, such as cancer. Also called a stress fracture

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49
Q

Spiral Fracture

spir- a coil
-al pertaining to

A

A fracture in the shape of a coil

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50
Q

Transverse Fracture

trans- across
-verse travel

A

A fracture perpendicular to the long axis of the bone

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51
Q

Articulation

Articulate

Articular

articul- joint

  • ation process
  • ate pertaining to
  • ar pertaining to
A

A joint

Joint movement

Pertaining to a joint

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52
Q

Bursa

Bursitis

burs- bursa
-itis inflammation

A

A closed sac containing synovial fluid

Inflammation of a bursa

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53
Q

Fibrocartilage

fibr/o- fiber
-cartilag/e cartilage

A

Cartilage containing collagen fibers

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54
Q

Gomphosis

Gomphoses

gomph- bolt, nail
-osis condition

A

Joint formed by a peg and socket

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55
Q

Hyaline

A

Cartilage that looks like frosted glass and contains fine collagen fibers

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56
Q

Meniscus

Menisci

A

Disc of connective tissue cartilage between the bones of a joint, for example, in the knee joint

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57
Q

Suture

Sutures

A

Place where two bones are joined together by a fibrous band continuous with their periosteum, as in the skull.

Also means to unite two surfaces by sewing together, and the seam formed by the sewing together

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58
Q

Symphysis

Symphyses

A

Two bones joined by fibrocartilage

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59
Q

Synchondrosis

synchondroses

syn- together

  • chrondr- cartilage
  • osis condition
A

A rigid articulation formed by cartilage

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60
Q

Syndesmosis

Syndesmoses

syn- together
des- bind
-osis condtion

A

An articulation formed by ligaments

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61
Q

Synovial

syn- together

  • ov/i- egg
  • al pertaining to
A

Pertaining to synovial fluid and synovial membrane

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62
Q

Abduction

Abduct

ab- away from

  • duct- lead
  • ion process, action
A

Action of moving away from the midline

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63
Q

Adduction

Adduct

ad- toward

  • duct- lead
  • ion process, action
A

Action of moving toward the midline

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64
Q

Circumduction

Circumduct

circum- around

  • duct- lead
  • ion
A

Movement of an extremity in a circular motion

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65
Q

Eversion

Evert

A

A turning outward

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66
Q

Extension

A

When a join is straightened to increase its angle

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67
Q

Flexion

A

When a joint is bent to decrease its angle

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68
Q

Inversion

Invert

A

A turning inward

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69
Q

Prone

Pronation

Pronate

pronat- bend down
-ion process, action

A

Lying facedown, flat on your belly

Process of lying facedown or of turning a hand or foot with a volar (palm or sole) surface down

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70
Q

Supine

Supinate

Supination

supuinat- bend backward
-ion process, action

A

Process of lying face upward or turning an arm or foot so that the palm or sole is facing up

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71
Q

Degenerative

degenerat- deteriorate
-ive quality of

A

Relating to the deterioration of a structure

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72
Q

Deviation

A

A turning aside from a normal course

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73
Q

Interphalangeal

inter- between

  • phalang- phalanx
  • eal pertaining to
A

Pertaining to the joints between two phalanges

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74
Q

Metacarpophalangeal

meta- after, beyond

  • carp/o- bones of the wrist
  • phalang- phalanx
  • eal pertaining to
A

Pertaining to the joints between the metacarpal bones and phalanges

75
Q

Osteoarthritis

oste/o bone

  • arthr- joint
  • itis inflammation
A

Chronic inflammatory disease of the joints with pain and loss of function

76
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

rheumat- rheumatism
-oid resemble

arthr- joint
-itis inflammation

A

Disease of connective tissue with arthritis as a major manifestation

77
Q

Ulna

Ulnar

ula- forearm bone

A

The medial and larger bone of the forearm

Pertaining to the ulna or any of the structures (artery, vein, nerve) named after it

78
Q

Cervical

cervic- neck
-al pertaining to

A

Pertaining to the neck region

79
Q

Coccyx

A

Small tailbone at the lowest end of the vertebral column

80
Q

Disc

A

Flattened, round structure. In the skeletal system, a flattened round fibrocartilaginous structure between bones

81
Q

Foramen

Foramina

A

An opening through structure

82
Q

Herniation

Herniate

herni-rupture

  • ation process, being
  • ate process
A

Protrusion of an anatomical structure from its normal position

83
Q

Intervertebral

inter- between

  • vertebr- vertebra
  • al pertaining to
A

Located between two vertebrae

84
Q

Kyphosis

Kyphotic

kyph/o humpback

  • osis condition
  • tic pertaining to
A

A normal posterior curve of the thoracic spine that can be exaggerated in disease

Pertaining to kyphosis

85
Q

Lordosis

Lordotic

lord- bend backward

  • osis condition
  • tic pertaining to
A

An exaggerated forward curvature of the lumbar spine

Pertaining to lordosis

86
Q

Lumbar

A

Relating to the region in the back and sides between the ribs and the pelvis

87
Q

Sacrum

Sacral

sacr- sacrum
-al pertaining to

A

Segment of the vertebral column that forms part of the pelvis

Pertaining to the sacrum

88
Q

Scoliosis

Scoliotic

scoli/o- crooked

  • osis condition
  • tic pertaining to
A

An abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column

Pertaining to Scoliosis

89
Q

Spine

Spinal

spin- spine
-al pertaining to

A

Vertebral column, or a short projection from a bone

Pertaining to the spine

90
Q

Thorax

Thoracic

thorac- chest
-ic pertaining to

A

The part of the trunk between the abdomen and the neck

Pertaining to the chest (thorax)

91
Q

Vertebra

Vertebae

Vertebral

vertebr- vertebra
-al pertaining to

A

One of the bones of the spinal column

Pertaining to the vertebrae

92
Q

Whiplash

whip- to swing
-last end of the whip

A

Symptoms caused by sudden, uncontrolled extension and flexion of the neck, often in the automobile accident

93
Q

Concha

conchae

A

Shell shaped bone on medial wall of nasal cavity

94
Q

Cranium

Cranial

crani- skull
-al pertaining to

A

The upper part of the skull that encloses and protects the brain

Pertaining to the skull

95
Q

Ethmoid Bone

ethm- sieve
-oid resemble

A

Bone that forms the back of the nose and part of the orbits and encloses numerous air cells, forming the ethmoid sinuses

96
Q

Lacrimal

lacrim- tears
-al pertaining to

A

Pertaining to tears

97
Q

Mandible

Mandibular

mandibul- the jaw
-ar pertaining to

A

Lower jaw bone

Pertaining to the mandible

98
Q

Maxilla

Maxillary

maxill-maxilla
-ary pertaining to

A

Upper jaw bone, containing the right and left maxillary sinuses

99
Q

Occiput

Occipital Bone

occipit- back of head
-al pertaining to

A

The back of the skull

Bone that forms the back and part of the base of the cranium

100
Q

Palatine

A

Bone that forms the hard palate and parts of the nose and orbits

101
Q

Parietal Bone

pariet- wall
-al pertaining to

A

Bone that forms the bulging sides and roof of the cranium

102
Q

Sphenoid Bone

sphen- wedge
-oid resemble

A

Wedge shaped bone that forms part of the base of the cranium and the orbits

103
Q

Temporal Bones

Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

tempor/o- temple, side of head

  • al pertaining to
  • mandibul- the jaw
  • ar pertaining to
A

Bones that form the sides and part of the base of the cranium

The joint between the temporal bone and the mandible

104
Q

Vomer

A

Lower nasal septum

105
Q

Zygoma

Zygomatic

zygomat- cheek bone
-ic pertaining to

A

Bone that forms the prominence of the cheek

106
Q

Acromion

Acromioclavicular

acromi/o- acromion
-ion action
-clavicul- clavicle
ar- pertaining to

A

Lateral end of the scapula, extending over the shoulder joint

Pertaining to the joint between the acromion and the clavicle

107
Q

Clavicle

Clavicular

clavicul- clavicle
-ar pertaining to

A

Curved bone that forms the anterior part of the pectoral girdle

Pertaining to the clavicle

108
Q

Dislocation

dis- apart

  • locat- a place
  • ion action
A

The state of being completely out of the joint

109
Q

Humerus

A

Single bone of the upper arm

110
Q

Pectoral

Pectoral Girdle

pector- chest
-al pertaining to

A

Pertaining to the chest

Incomplete bony ring that attaches the upper limb to the axial skeleton

111
Q

Scapula

Scapulae

Scapular

scapul- scapula
-ar pertaining to

A

Shoulder blade

Pertaining to the shoulder blade

112
Q

Separation

separat- move apart
-ion action

A

A shoulder seperation is a dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint

113
Q

Subluxation

sub- under, slightly

  • luxat- dislocate
  • ion action
A

An incomplete dislocation in which some contact between the joint surfaces remains

114
Q

Condyle

Epicondyle

  • epi above
  • condyle knuckle
A

Rounded bone surface that articulates with another bone

Projection above the condyle for attachment of a ligament or tendon

115
Q

Radius

A

The forearm bone on the thumb side

116
Q

Carpus

Carpal

carp- bones of the wrist
-al pertaining to

A

Collective term for the eight carpal bones of the wrist

Pertaining to the wrist

117
Q

Colles Fracture

A

Fracture of the distal radius at the wrist

118
Q

Cyst

A

An abnormal, fluid containing sac

119
Q

Retinaculum

retinacul- hold back
-um structure

A

Fibrous ligament that keeps the tendons in place of the wrist so that they do not bowstring when the forearm muscles contract

120
Q

Metacarpals

meta- after

  • carp- bones of the wrist
  • al pertaining to
A

The five bones of the carpus and the fingers

121
Q

Phalanx

Phalanges

A

A bone of a finger or toe

122
Q

Amputation

amputate

amputee

amput- to prune, lop off

  • ation process
  • ate pertaining to
  • ee one associated with
A

Process of removing a limb, a part of a limb, a breast, or some other projecting part

The act of amputation

A person with an amputation

123
Q

Contracture

contract- draw together
-ure process

A

Muscle shortening due to spasm or fibrosis

124
Q

Deformity

de- take away

  • form- form, appearance
  • ity condition
A

A permanent structural deviation from the normal

125
Q

Dupuytren Contracture

contract- draw together
ure- process

A

A thickening and shortening of fibrous bands in the palm of the hand

126
Q

Flexor

Flex

A

Muscle or tendon that flexes a joint

To bend a joint so that the two parts come together

127
Q

Herberden Node

A

Bony lump on the terminal phalan of the fingers in osteoarthritis

128
Q

Instability

in- not

  • stabil- stand firm
  • ity condition
A

Abnormal tendency of a joint to partially or fully dislocate

129
Q

Juvenile

A

Between the age of 2 and 17 years

130
Q

Nodule

nod- node
-ule little, small

A

Small node or knotlike swelling

131
Q

Residue

Residual

resid/u- what is left over
-al pertaining to

A

That which remains or is left over

Pertaining to anything left over

132
Q

Rheumatism

Rheumatic

Rheumatoid Arthritis

rheumat- a flow

  • ism condition
  • ic pertaining to
  • oid resemblng
  • itis inflammation
  • arthr joint
A

Pain in various parts of the musculoskeletal system

Relating to or characterized by rheumatism

Disease of connective tissue, with arthritis as a major manifestation

133
Q

Susceptible

A

Capable of being affected by

134
Q

Acetabulum

A

The cup shaped cavity of the hip bone that receives the head of the femur to form the hip joint

135
Q

Diastasis

A

Separation of normally joined parts

136
Q

Femur

Femoral

femor- femur
-al pertaining to

A

The thigh bone

Pertaining to the femur

137
Q

Ilium

Ilia

A

Large wing shaped bone at the upper and posterior part of the pelvis

138
Q

Ischium

Ischia

Ischial

isch/i- ischium
-al pertaining to

A

Lower and posterior part of the hip

Pertaining to the ischium

139
Q

Pelvis

Pelvic

pelv- pelvis
-ic pertaining to

A

A cup shaped ring of bone, also a cup shaped cavity, as in the pelvis of the kidney

Pertaining to the pelvis

140
Q

Pubis

Pubic

pub- pubis
ic- pertaining to

A

Bony front arch of the pelvis of the hip, also called pubic bone

Pertaining to the pubis

141
Q

Sacrum

Sacral

Sacroiliac Joint

sacr/o sacrum

  • al pertaining to
  • ili- ilium
  • ac pertaining to
A

Segment of the vertebral column that forms part of the pelvis

In the neighborhood of the sacrum

The joint between the sacrum and ilium

142
Q

Arthritis

arthr- joint
-itis infammation

A

Inflammation of a joint or joints

143
Q

Avascular

a- without
vascul- blood vessel
-ar pertaining to

A

Without a blood supply

144
Q

Labrum

A

Cartilage that forms a rim around the socket of the hip joint

145
Q

Necrosis

Necrotic

necr/o death

  • osis condition
  • tic pertaining to
A

Pathological death of cells or tissues

Affected by necrosis

146
Q

Collateral

col- before

  • later- side
  • al pertaining to
A

Situated at the side, often to bypass an obstruction

147
Q

Condyle

A

Large, smooth, rounded expansion of the end of a bone that forms a joint with another bone

148
Q

Cruciate

A

Shaped like a cross

149
Q

Fibula

Fibular

fibul- fibula
-al pertaining to

A

The smaller of the two bones of the lower leg

Pertaining to the fibula

150
Q

Lateral (opposite of medial)

later- side
-al pertaining to

A

Situated at the side of a structure

151
Q

Medial (opposite of lateral)

medi- middle
-al pertaining to

A

Nearer to the middle of the body

152
Q

Tibia

Tibial

tibi- tibia
-al pertaining to

A

The larger bone of the lower leg

Pertaining to the tibia

153
Q

Chondromalacia

chrond/o- cartilage
-malacia abnormal softness

A

Softening and degeneration of cartilage

154
Q

Hyperflexion

hyper- excess

  • flex- bend
  • ion action, condition
A

Flexion of a limb or part beyond the normal limits

155
Q

Meniscus

Menisci

A

Disc of connective tissue cartilage between the bones of a joint, for example, in the knee joint

156
Q

Patella

Patellae

Patellar

Prepatellar

pre- before, in front of
patell- patella
-ar pertaining to

A

Thin, circular bone bone in front of the knee joint and embedded in the patellar tendon

Pertaining to the knee cap

In front of the patella

157
Q

Bunion

A

A swelling at the base of the big toe

158
Q

Calcaneus

Calcaneal

calcan- calcaneus
-eal pertaining to

A

Bone of the tarsus that forms the heel

Pertaining to the calcaneus

159
Q

Fasciitis

fasci- fascia
-itis inflammation

A

Inflammation of the fascia

160
Q

Gout

A

Painful arthritis of the big toe and other joints

161
Q

Hallux Valgus

A

Deviation of the big toe toward the lateral side of the foot

162
Q

Metatarsus

Metatarsal

meta- behind

  • tars- ankle
  • us structure
A

A collective term referring to the five parallel bones of the foot between the tarsus and the phalanges

Pertaining to the metatarsus

163
Q

Pes Planus

A

A flat foot with no plantar arch

164
Q

Podiatry

Podiatrist

pod- foot

  • iatry treatment
  • iatrist practitioner
A

Specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders and injuries of the foot

Practitioner of podiatry

165
Q

Pott Fracture

fract- break
-ure result of

A

Fracture of lower end of fibula, often with fracture of tibial malleolus

166
Q

Talipes Equinovarus

tali- ankle bone
-pes foot
equin/o horse
-varus bend inward, bow-legged

A

Deformity of the foot involving the talus

167
Q

Talus

A

The tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia to form the ankle joint

168
Q

Tarsus

Tarsal

tars- tarsus
-al pertaining to

A

The collection of seven bones in the foot that form the ankle and instep

Pertaining to the tarsus

169
Q

Arthrocentesis

arthr/o- joint
-centesis to puncture

A

Withdrawal of fluid from a joint with a needle

170
Q

Arthrodesis

arthr/o- joint
-desis bind together

A

Fixation or stiffening of a joint by surgery

171
Q

Arthrography

arthr/o- joint
-graphy process of recording

A

X-ray of a joint taken after injection of a contrast medium in the joint

172
Q

Arthroplasty

arthr/o- joint
-plasty

A

Surgery to restore as far as possible the function of a joint

173
Q

Arthroscope

Arthroscopy

arthr/o- joint

  • scope instrument for viewing
  • scopy to view
A

Endoscope used to view the interior of a joint

Visual examination of the interior of a joint

174
Q

Debridement

de- take away

  • bride- rubble
  • ment action
A

The removal of injured or necrotic tissue

175
Q

Fasciectomy

Fasciotomy

fasci/o- fascia

  • ectomy excision
  • tomy incision
A

Surgical removal of the fascia

An incision through a band of fascia, usually to relieve pressure on underlying structures

176
Q

Meniscectomy

menisc- crescent, meniscus
-ectomy excision

A

Excision (cutting out) of all or part of a meniscus

177
Q

Prosthesis

A

Manufactured substitute for a missing part of the body

178
Q

Acetaminophen

A

Medication that modifies or relieves pain

179
Q

Bisphosphonate

bi- two

  • phos- light
  • phon- sound
  • ate composed of
A

Drug that delays the rate of bone reabsorption

180
Q

Calcitonin

calci- calcium

  • ton- tension, pressure
  • in chemical compound
A

Hormone that moves calcium from blood to bones

181
Q

Corticosteroid

cortic/o- cortisone

  • ster- steroid
  • oid resembling
A

A hormone produced by the adrenal cortex

182
Q

Inhibit

Inhibitor

A

to curb or restrain

Agent that curbs or restrains

183
Q

Intra-articular

intra- inside

  • articul- joint
  • ar pertaining to
A

Pertaining to the inside of a joint

Medical Terminology (9 decks)

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