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Medical Terminology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Antidiuretic

Antidiuretic Hormone

anti- against

  • di- complete
  • uret- urination
  • ic pertaining to
A

An agent that decreases urine production

Posterior pituitary hormone that decreases urine output by acting on the kidney; also called vasopressin

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2
Q

Endocrine

Endocrinology

Endocrinologist

endo- within

  • crin/o secrete
  • study of
  • logist one who studies, specialist
A

Pertaining to a gland that produces an internal or hormonal secretion

Medical specialty concerned with the production and effects of hormones

A medical specialist in endocrinology

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3
Q

Gland

A

A collection of cells functioning as a secretory or excretory organ

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4
Q

Hormone

Hormonal

hormon- chemical messenger
al- pertaining to

A

Chemical formed in one tissue or organ and carried by the blood to stimulate or inhibit a function of another tissue or organ

Pertaining to the hormones of the endocrine system

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5
Q

Leptin

lept- thin, small
-in chemical compound

A

hormone secreted by adipose tissue

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6
Q

Melatonin

mela- black

  • ton- tension
  • in chemical compound
A

Hormone formed by the pineal gland

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7
Q

Oxytocin

oxy- quick

  • toc- labor, birth
  • in chemical compound
A

Hypothalamic hormone, stored in the posterior pituitary, that stimulates the uterus to contract

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8
Q

Parathyroid

para- beside

  • thyr- an ablong shield
  • oid resembling
A

Endocrine glands embedded in the back of the thyroid gland

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9
Q

Pineal

A

Pertaining to the pineal gland

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10
Q

Pituitary

pituit- pituitary
-ary pertaining to

A

Pertaining to the pituitary gland

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11
Q

Prostaglandin

prost/a- prostate

  • gland- gland
  • in chemical compound
A

Hormone present in many tissues but first isolated from prostate gland

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12
Q

Seasonal Affective Disorder
(SAD)

season- period of the year
affect- mood
-ive pertaining to 
-dis apart, away from
-order arrange
A

Depression that occurs at the same time ever year, often in the winter

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13
Q

Serotonin

ser/o- serum

  • ton- tension, pressure
  • in substance
A

A neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous system

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14
Q

Adenohypophysis

  • hypo- below
  • aden/o- gland
  • physis gorwth
A

Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

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15
Q

Adrenal Gland

ad- near, toward

  • ren- kidney
  • al pertaining to
A

The suprarenal, or adrenal, gland on the upper pole of each kidney

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16
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

adren/o- adrenal gland

  • cortic/o- cortisone, cortex
  • tropic stimulator
A

Hormone of the anterior pituitary that stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland to produce its own hormones

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17
Q

Corticosteroid

cortic/o- cortisone

  • ster- steroid
  • oid resembling
A

A hormone produced by the adrenal cortex

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18
Q

Corticotropin

cortic/o- cortisone, cortex
-tropin stimulation

A

Pituitary hormone that stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland to secrete cortisone

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19
Q

Hypophysis

hypo- below
-physis growth

A

Another name for the pituitary gland

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20
Q

Neurohypophysis

neur/o- nervous tissue

  • hypo- below
  • physis growth
A

posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

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21
Q

Prolactin

pro- before

  • lact- milk
  • in chemical compound
A

Pituitary hormone that stimulates the production of milk

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22
Q

Somatotropin

somat/o- the body
-tropin stimulation

A

Hormone of the anterior pituitary that stimulates growth of body tissue

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23
Q

Thyrotropin

thyr/o- thyroid
-tropin stimulation

A

Hormone from the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates function of the thyroid gland

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24
Q

Thyroxine

thyr- an oblong shield

  • ox- oxygen
  • ine pertaining to
A

Thyroid hormone T4, tetraiodothyronine

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25
Q

Tropin

Trophin

Tropic

Trophic

trop-turning
-ic pertaining to
troph- nourishing

A

Hormone

Hormone

Tropic hormone stimulate other endocrine glands to produce hormones

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26
Q

Vasopressin

vas/o- blood vessel

  • press- press, close
  • in chemical compound
A

Pituitary hormone that constricts blood vessels and decreases urine output

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27
Q

Acromegaly

acro- highest point- extremity
-megaly enlargement

A

Enlargement of the head, face, hands, and feet due to excess growth hormone in an adult

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28
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

in- not, without

  • sipid- flavor
  • us pertaining to
A

Excretion of large amounts of dilute urine as a result of inadequate ADH production

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29
Q

Dwarfism

dwarf- miniature
-ism condition

A

Short stature due to underproduction of growth hormone

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30
Q

Gigantism

gigant- giant
-ism condition

A

Abnormal height and size of entire body

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31
Q

Hypopituitarism

hypo- deficient

  • pituitar- pituitary
  • ism condition
A

Condition of one or more deficient pituitary hormones

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32
Q

Panhypopituitarism

pan- all

  • hypo- deficient
  • pituitar- pituitary
  • ism condition
A

Deficiency of all the pituitary hormones

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33
Q

Prognathism

pro- before, in front

  • gnath-jaw
  • ism condition
A

Condition of a forward- projecting jaw

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34
Q

Prolactinoma

pro- before, in front

  • lact- milk
  • in- chemical compound
  • oma tumor
A

Prolactin producing tumor

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35
Q

Adenoma

aden- gland
-oma tumor

A

A benign neoplasm of epithelial tissue

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36
Q

Biopsy

bi- life
-opsy to view

A

Process of removing tissue from living patients for microscopic examination

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37
Q

Chiasm

Chiasma

A

X shaped crossing of the two optic nerves at the base of the brain

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38
Q

Optic

opt- vision
-ic pertaining to

A

Pertaining to the eye

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39
Q

Osmolality

osmol- concentration

  • al- pertaining to
  • ity state
A

The concentration of a solution

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40
Q

Tumor

A

Any abnormal swelling

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41
Q

Analog

A

A compound that resembles another in structure but not in function, analog is a means of the transmission of continuous information to our senses, in contrast with the digital transmission of only and ones

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42
Q

Craniotomy

crani/o- cranium
-tomy incision

A

Incision of the skull

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43
Q

Gamma Knife

A

A minimally invasive radiosurgical system

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44
Q

Proton

A

The positively charged unit of the nuclear mass

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45
Q

Stereotactic

stere/o three dimensional

  • tact- orderly arrangment
  • ic pertaining to
A

Pertaining to a precision three dimensional method to locate a lesion or tumor

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46
Q

Transnasal

trans- across, through

  • nas- nose
  • al pertaining to
A

Through the nose

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47
Q

Transsphenoid

trans- through
sphen- wedge
-oid resembling

A

Through the sphenoid sinus

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48
Q

Calcitonin

calc/i- calcium

  • ton- pressure, tension
  • in chemical compound
A

Thyroid hormone that moves calcium from blood to bones

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49
Q

Emaciation

Emaciated

emac/i- make thin

  • ation process
  • ated composed of
A

Abnormal thinness

Abnormally thin and wasted

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50
Q

Hypercalcemia

hyper- above, excessive

  • calc- calcium
  • emia condition of the blood
A

Excessive levels of calcium in the blood

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51
Q

Iodine

iod- violet, iodine
-ine pertaining to

A

Chemical element, the lack of which causes thyroid disease

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52
Q

Thyroid Storm

thyr- an oblong shield
-oid resembling

A

Medical crisis and emergency due to excess thyroid hormones

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53
Q

Triiodothyronine

tri- three

  • iod/o- violet, iodine
  • thyr- an oblong shield
  • on chemical substance
  • ine pertaining to
A

Thyroid hormone T3

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54
Q

Antithyroid

anti- against

  • thyr- an oblong shield
  • oid resembling
A

A substance that inhibits production of thyroid hormones

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55
Q

Euthyroid

eu- good, normal

  • thyr- an oblong shield
  • oid resembling
A

Normal thyroid function

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56
Q

Exophthalmos

ex- out, out of
-ophthalmos eye

A

Protrusion of the eye ball

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57
Q

Goiter

A

Enlargement of the thyroid gland

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58
Q

Graves Disease

dis- apart
-ease normal function

A

Hyperthyroidism with toxic goiter

59
Q

Hashimoto Disease

Hashimoto Thyroiditis

A

Autoimmune disease of the thyroid gland

60
Q

Hyperthyroidism

hyper- excessive

  • thyr- an oblong shield
  • oid- resembling
  • ism condition, process
A

Excessive production of thyroid hormones

61
Q

Myxedema

myx- mucus
-edema swelling

A

Waxy, nonpitting edema of the skin

62
Q

Thyroiditis

thyr- an oblong shield

  • oid- resembling
  • itis inflammation
A

Inflammation of the thyroid gland

63
Q

Thyrotoxicosis

thyr/o- an oblong shield

  • toxix/o- poison
  • sis abnormal condition
A

Disorder caused by excessive thyroid production

64
Q

Ablation

ablat- take away
-ion process

A

Removal of tissue to destroy its function

65
Q

Aspiration

aspirat- breathe in
-ion process

A

Removal by suction of fluid or gas from a body cavity

66
Q

Cretin

Cretinism

cretin- cretin
-ism condition, process

A

A person with severe congenital hypothyroidism

Condition of severe congenital hypothyroidism

67
Q

Hypothyroidism

hypo- deficient

  • thyr- an oblong shield
  • oid resembling
  • ism condition, process
A

Deficient production of thyroid hormones

68
Q

Isotope

Isotopic

iso- equal

  • tope part
  • ic pertaining to
A

Radioactive element; some of these elements are used in diagnostic procedures

Of identical compound composition

69
Q

Lobectomy

lob- lobe
-ectomy surgical excision

A

Surgical removal of a lobe of the lungs or thyroid gland

70
Q

Lymphadenectomy

lymphaden- lymph node
-ectomy surigcal excision

A

Surgical excision of a lymph node

71
Q

Nodule

A

Small node or knotlike swelling

72
Q

Radioactive Iodine

radi/o- radiation

  • act- performance
  • ive pertaining to
A

Any of the various tracers that emit alpha, beta, or gamma rays

73
Q

Ultrasonography

ultra- beyond

  • son/o- sound
  • graphy recording
A

Delineation of deep structures using sound waves

74
Q

Adjuvant

adjuv- give help
-ant pertaining to

A

Additional treatment after a primary treatment has been used

75
Q

Antagonist

ant- against
-agon- to fight
-ist agent
ic pertaining to

A

An opposing structure, agent, disease, or process

76
Q

Curative

curat- to care
-ive quality of

A

That which heals or cures

77
Q

DiGeorge Syndrome

syn- together
-drome course

A

Congenital absence of the thymus gland

78
Q

Parathyroid

para- adjacent

  • thyr- an oblong shield
  • oid resembling
A

Endocrine glands embedded in the back of the thyroid gland

79
Q

Tetany

Tetanic

tetan- tetany, tetanus
-ic pertaining to

A

Severe muscle twitches, cramps, and spasms

Pertaining to tetany or tetanus

80
Q

Thymectomy

thym- thymus gland
-ectomy surgical excision

A

Surgical removal of the thymus gland

81
Q

Thymus

A

Endocrine gland located in the mediastinum

82
Q

Addison Disease

dis- apart
-esae normal function

A

An autoimmune disease leading to decreased production of adrenocortical steroids

83
Q

Adrenal Gland

Adrenaline

Epinephrine

adren- adrenal gland
-al pertaining to

A

The suprarenal, or adrenal, gland on the upper pole of each kidney.

One of the catecholamines

84
Q

Glucocorticoid

gluc/o- glucose

  • cotico- cortex, cortisone
  • oid resembling
A

Hormone of the adrenal cortex that helps regulate glucose metabolism

85
Q

Hydrocortisone

Cortisol

hydr/o- water

  • cortis- cortisone
  • one hormone
A

Potent glucocorticoid with anti inflammatory properties

86
Q

Mineralocorticoid

mineral/o- inorganic materials

  • cortic- cortex, cortisone
  • oid resemble
A

Hormone of the adrenal cortex that influences sodium and potassium metabolism

87
Q

Norepinephrine

Noradrenaline

nor- normal

  • epi- above
  • nephr- kidney
  • ine pertaining to
A

Parasympathetic neurotransmitter that is a catecholamine hormone of the adrenal gland

88
Q

Adrenalectomy

ad- near, toward

  • ren- kidney
  • al pertaining to
  • ectomy surgical excision
A

Removal of all or part of the an adrenal gland

89
Q

Adrenogenital Syndrome

adren/o- adrenal gland
-genit- primary male or female sex organs
-al pertaining to 
syn- together
-drome course
A

Hypersecretion of androgens from the adrenal glands

90
Q

Aldosteronism

Aldosteronoma

Conn Syndrome

ald/o- organic compound

  • steron- steroid
  • ism condition, process
  • oma tumor, mass
A

Condition caused by excessive secretions of aldosterone

Benign tumor of the adrenal cortex

91
Q

Cushing Syndrome

A

Hypersecretion of cortisol (Hydrocortisone) by the adrenal cortex

92
Q

Facies

A

Facial expression and features characteristics of a specific disease

93
Q

Hirsuitism

A

Excessive body and facial hair

94
Q

Intercurrent

inter- among, between

  • curr- to run
  • ent end result, pertaining to
A

A disease attacking a person who already has another disease

95
Q

Pheochromocytoma

pheo- grey

  • chrom/o- color
  • cyt- cell
  • oma tumor
A

Adenoma of the adrenal medulla secreting excessive catecholamines

96
Q

Virilism

viril- masculine
-ism condition, process

A

Development of masculine characteristics by a woman or a girl

97
Q

Ambiguous

A

Uncertain

98
Q

Androgen

andr/o- male
-gen to produce

A

Hormone that produces masculine characterstics

99
Q

Cortex

A

Outer portion of an organ

100
Q

Gential

genit- primary male or female sex organs
-al pertaining to

A

Relating to the primary male or female sex organs

101
Q

Hyperplasia

hyper- excessive

  • plas- formation
  • ia condition
A

Increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ

102
Q

Medulla

A

Central part of a structure surrounded by cortex

103
Q

Steroid

ster- solid
-oid resemble

A

Large family of chemical substances found in hormones, body components, and drugs

104
Q

Aromatase

Aromatase Inhibitor

aromat- spice
-ase enzyme
inhibit- repress
-or a doer

A

An enzyme responsible for a key step in the production of estrogens and androgens

An agent that stops the production of estrogen in post- menopausal women

105
Q

Estrogen

estr/o woman
-gen produce, create

A

Generic term for hormones that stimulate female secondary sex characteristics

106
Q

Hormone

A

Chemical formed in one tissue or organ that is then carried by the blood to stimulate or inhibit a function of another tissue or organ

107
Q

Modulator

A

An agent that regulates or adjusts

108
Q

Therapy

Therapeutic

therapeut- treatment
-ic pertaining to

A

Systematic treatment of a disease, dysfunction, or disorder

Relating to the treatment of a disease, dysfunction, or disorder

109
Q

Glucagon

gluc- glucose
-agon contest

A

Pancreatic hormone that supports blood glucose levels

110
Q

Gluconeogenesis

gluc/o- glucose

  • neo- new
  • genesis creation
A

Formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources

111
Q

Glycogenolysis

glyc/o- glycogen

  • gen/o- to create
  • lysis break down
A

Conversion of glycogen to glucose

112
Q

Insulin

insul- island
-in chemical compound

A

A hromone secreted by the islet cells of the pancreas

113
Q

Pancreas

Pancreatic

pancreat- pancreas
-ic pertaining to

A

Lobulated gland, the head of which is tucked into the curve of the duodenum

Pertaining to the pancreas

114
Q

Pancreatic Islets

Islets of Langerhans

pancreat- pancreas
-ic pertaining to
isl-island
-et little

A

Areas of pancreatic cells that produce insuling and glucagon

115
Q

Somatostatin

somat/o- body
-statin inhibit

A

Hormone that inhibits release of growth hormones and insulin

116
Q

Autoantibody

auto- self, same

  • anti- against
  • body body
A

Antibody produced in response to an antigen from the hosts own tissue

117
Q

Bolus

A

Single mass of a substance

118
Q

Coma

A

State of deep unconsciousness

119
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetic

diabet- diabetes
-ic pertaining to

A

Metabolic syndrome caused by absolute or relative insulin deficiency and/or insulin ineffectiveness

Pertaining to or suffering from diabetes

120
Q

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemic

hypo- below, deficient

  • glyc- glucose
  • emia blood condition
A

Low levels of glucose in the blood

Pertaining to or suffering from hypoglycemia

121
Q

Acetone

A

Ketone that is found in blood, urine, and breath when diabetes mellitus is out of control

122
Q

Hypersmolar

hyper- above

  • osmol-concentration
  • ar pertaining to
A

Marked hyperglycemia without ketoacidosis

123
Q

Ketoacidosis

ket/o- ketone

  • acid- acid
  • osis condition
A

Excessive production of ketones, making the blood acidic

124
Q

Ketone

Ketosis

ket- ketone
-osis condition

A

Chemical formed in uncontrolled diabetes or in starvation

Excessive production of ketones

125
Q

Metabolic Acidosis

metabol- change
acid- acid
-ic pertaining to
-osis condition

A

Decreased pH in blood and body tissues as a result of an upset in metabolism

126
Q

Paresthesia

Paresthesias

par- abnormal

  • esthes- sensation
  • ia condition
A

an abnormal sensation; for example; tingling, burning, pricking

127
Q

Polydipsia

poly- many, much

  • dips- thirst
  • ia condition
A

Excessive thirst

128
Q

Polyphagia

poly-many, much

  • phag- to eat
  • ia condition
A

Excessive eating

129
Q

Polyuria

poly- many, much

  • ur- urine
  • ia condition
A

Excessive production of urine

130
Q

Saline

A

Salt solution, usually sodium chloride

131
Q

Criterion

Criteria

A

Standard or rule for judging

132
Q

Fructosamine

fructos- fruit sugar
-amine nitrogen containing

A

Organic compound of fructose as its base

133
Q

Glycosylated Hemoglobin

glyc/o- glucose

  • sylated link
  • hem/o- blood
  • globin protein
A

Hemoglobin A fraction linked to glucose, used as index of glucose control

134
Q

Immunoassay

immun/o- immune response
-assay evaluate

A

Biochemical test that is uses the reaction of an antibody to its antigen to measure the amount of a substance in a liquid

135
Q

Microalbuminuria

micro-small

  • albumin- albumin
  • ur- urine
  • ia condition
A

Presence of very small quantities of albumin in urine that cannot be detected by conventional urine testing

136
Q

Synergist

Synergistic

syn- together

  • erg- work
  • ist specialist
  • ic pertaining to
A

Agent or process that aids the action of another

Working together

137
Q

Hormones secreted by the Pineal Gland

A

Melatonin

138
Q

Hormones secreted by the Hypothalamus

A

GnHr (gonadotrpin- releasing hormone)
CRH (corticotropin- releasing hormone)
TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone)
GHRH (growth hormone- releasing hormone)

139
Q

Hormones secreted by the Anterior Pituitary

A 
TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
FSH (follicle- stimulating hormone)
LH (Luteinizing hormone)
GH (Growth Hormone)
140
Q

Hormones secreted by Posterior Pituitary

A

ADH ( Antidiuretic hormone)

Oxytocin

141
Q

Hormones secreted by the Thyroid

A

T3
T4
Calcitonin

142
Q

Hormones secreted by the Parathyroids

A

PTH (para-thyroid hormone)

143
Q

Hormones secreted by the Pancreas

A

Insulin

Glucagon

144
Q

Hormones secreted by the Adrenal Medulla

A

Epinephrine

Medical Terminology (9 decks)

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