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Pe > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle that James will use in the run?

A

Skeletal
Involuntary
Cardiac

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2
Q

What do skeletal muscles do?

A

The muscles that are attached to his skeleton by tendons (voluntary muscles) will contract to increase his stride length

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3
Q

What do involuntary muscles do?

A

The muscles in his blood vessels and intestines (involuntary muscles) will regulate his body temperature and ensure that oxygen- rich blood gets to the working muscles

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4
Q

What does the cardiac muscle do?

A

James’ heart muscles will contract faster to pump more blood around his body

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5
Q

What is the origin?

A

This is the end of a muscle tendon that is attached to a non-moving bone. The origins of james’ hamstrings are the hips and the femur

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6
Q

What is the insertion?

A

This is the end of a muscle attached to a moving bone. The hamstrings are attached to the tibia and fibula- when contraction occurs, these bones are pulled towards the origin, causing the knee to bend.

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7
Q

Why is a good running technique so important to James?

A

To avoid injuries and to maximise efficiency (to reduce the amount of energy used). James should try to keep his legs and arms moving in a forward and backwards direction.

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8
Q

What is adduction?

A

When the bone moves towards the body eg. The legs moving towards and across the body

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9
Q

What is abduction?

A

When The bones move away from the body e.g. the arm swinging away from the body and out to the side

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10
Q

What is rotation?

A

A circular action, e.g. the rotation of the head from left to right

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11
Q

What is flexion?

A

When the angle between two bones decreases eg. When bending the leg at the knee to push off the ground when running

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12
Q

What is extension?

A

When the angle between two bones increases, e.g. When straightening the leg at the knee to increase his stride length to cover more distance

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13
Q

What is a joint?

A

Where two or more bones meet

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14
Q

Example of a hinge joint?

A

When james’ knee joint will extend the leg to stride out when running

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15
Q

Example of a ball and socket joint

A

James’ shoulder will allow the upper arm to move backwards and forwards to generate momentum

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16
Q

What is an example of gliding joint

A

The bones in james’ feet will be constantly moving on impact when contacting against the floor

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17
Q

What is an example of a pivot joint

A

In james’ neck, it will help him to stay balanced and upright

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18
Q

What is a example of a condyloid joint

A

The wrist will add to the momentum of james’ technique

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19
Q

What is an example of a saddle joint?

A

The thumb will stay relaxed

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20
Q

What is cartilage?

A

This is found at the end of the bones it will act as a shock absorber to protect James’ bones from the high impact of running

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21
Q

What are ligaments?

A

They attach Bone to bone at a joint. James’ ligaments in his ankles and knees will stabilise his joints reduce the chance of injury

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22
Q

What are tendons?

A

These connect muscle to bone and allow for movement to take place. If James overtrains he may experience pain in his tendons

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23
Q

What 5 things do james’ skeleton provide him with?

A 
Protection
Blood production 
Shape 
Support 
Movement
24
Q

How does the skeleton provide protection?

A

The protection of major organs e.g. his sternum would provide protection to his heart if he fell down

25
Q

How does the skeleton provide blood production?

A

Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow of flat bones. His red blood cells will transport oxygen to his working muscles

26
Q

How does the skeleton provide shape?

A

James’ bones will determine his body shape. Having long bones in his legs will be an advantage as it will increase his stride length and distance covered

27
Q

How does the skeleton provide support?

A

It holds the position of his vital organs E.g. his lungs are held by his ribs

28
Q

How does the skeleton provide movement?

A

His muscles are connected to bones by tendons which allow movement at a joint e.g. the flexion and extension of his leg at the knee

29
Q

How are muscles attached to bones?

A

By tendons

30
Q

How will James’ muscles work when he runs?

A

His knee must bend (flexion) and straighten (extension). The quadriceps and the hamstrings must work together (antagonistic pairs) to create the movements

31
Q

What will happen with the hamstrings contract

A

As they are the prime mover, the quadriceps will relax (antagonist) to allow flexion of the knee to take place

32
Q

What is the agonist?

A

This is the prime mover or a muscle that contracts to create movement

33
Q

What is the antagonist?

A

Muscle that relaxes to allow the movement

34
Q

What are the 4 types of bone in the body?

A

Long bones
Irregular bones
Short bones
Flat bones

35
Q

Give examples of long bones

A 
Arm: 
Humerus 
Radius 
Ulna 
Leg: 
Femur 
Tibia 
Fibula
36
Q

What do long bones do?

A

Act as levers for movement (they are essential)

Blood cell production occurs here

37
Q

Give examples of irregular bones

A

Vertebrae

Patella

38
Q

What do irregular bones do?

A

Offer support to the body

39
Q

Give examples of short bones

A

Carpels

Tarsals

40
Q

What do short bones do?

A

Designed for strength, and weight bearing

41
Q

Give examples of flat bones

A 
Cranium 
Clavicle 
Scapula 
Sternum 
Ribs 
Pelvis
42
Q

What do flat bones do?

A

Built for protection

They have a large surface are for origins to attach to tendons

43
Q

What 3 types of joint are in the body?

A

Fixed
Slightly movable
Freely movable/ synovial

44
Q

What do fixed joints do?

A

No movement

45
Q

What do slightly moveable joints do?

A

Small amount of movement

46
Q

What do freely movable/ synovial joints do?

A

Movement, in one or more directions
Reduce wear and tear
Absorb shock
Reduce friction

47
Q

What are the 2 types of muscular contraction?

A

Isometric and isotonic

48
Q

What is an isometric contraction?

A

Where the muscle stays the same length

49
Q

What is an isotonic contraction?

A

When movement occurs and the agonist muscle changes length

50
Q

What are the 2 types of isotonic contraction?

A

Concentric

Eccentric

51
Q

What is an isotonic concentric contraction?

A

Where the muscle shortens when performing an action

Eg. Kicking a football

52
Q

What is an isotonic eccentric contraction?

A

Where the muscle lengthens under tension, they usually occur against gravity, acting as a brake not relaxing

Eg. Bicep curl

53
Q

Define posture

A

Holding your body in a way that puts the least amount of strain on the muscles, bones and joints

54
Q

Define muscle tone

A

Muscles readiness to work and be in a prepared state to work

55
Q

Advantages of good posture

A

Helps shape
More room in lungs to operate in
More images available
Bone alignment prevents injury

56
Q

Disadvantages of poor posture

A

Increased likelihood of injury
Extra strain
Back pain

Pe (15 decks)

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