Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

What are the 3 types of muscle that James will use in the run?

Answer 1

Skeletal
Involuntary
Cardiac

Question 2

What do skeletal muscles do?

Answer 2

The muscles that are attached to his skeleton by tendons (voluntary muscles) will contract to increase his stride length

Question 3

What do involuntary muscles do?

Answer 3

The muscles in his blood vessels and intestines (involuntary muscles) will regulate his body temperature and ensure that oxygen- rich blood gets to the working muscles

Question 4

What does the cardiac muscle do?

Answer 4

James’ heart muscles will contract faster to pump more blood around his body

Question 5

What is the origin?

Answer 5

This is the end of a muscle tendon that is attached to a non-moving bone. The origins of james’ hamstrings are the hips and the femur

Question 6

What is the insertion?

Answer 6

This is the end of a muscle attached to a moving bone. The hamstrings are attached to the tibia and fibula- when contraction occurs, these bones are pulled towards the origin, causing the knee to bend.

Question 7

Why is a good running technique so important to James?

Answer 7

To avoid injuries and to maximise efficiency (to reduce the amount of energy used). James should try to keep his legs and arms moving in a forward and backwards direction.

Question 8

What is adduction?

Answer 8

When the bone moves towards the body eg. The legs moving towards and across the body

Question 9

What is abduction?

Answer 9

When The bones move away from the body e.g. the arm swinging away from the body and out to the side

Question 10

What is rotation?

Answer 10

A circular action, e.g. the rotation of the head from left to right

Question 11

What is flexion?

Answer 11

When the angle between two bones decreases eg. When bending the leg at the knee to push off the ground when running

Question 12

What is extension?

Answer 12

When the angle between two bones increases, e.g. When straightening the leg at the knee to increase his stride length to cover more distance

Question 13

What is a joint?

Answer 13

Where two or more bones meet

Question 14

Example of a hinge joint?

Answer 14

When james’ knee joint will extend the leg to stride out when running

Question 15

Example of a ball and socket joint

Answer 15

James’ shoulder will allow the upper arm to move backwards and forwards to generate momentum

Question 16

What is an example of gliding joint

Answer 16

The bones in james’ feet will be constantly moving on impact when contacting against the floor

Question 17

What is an example of a pivot joint

Answer 17

In james’ neck, it will help him to stay balanced and upright

Question 18

What is a example of a condyloid joint

Answer 18

The wrist will add to the momentum of james’ technique

Question 19

What is an example of a saddle joint?

Answer 19

The thumb will stay relaxed

Question 20

What is cartilage?

Answer 20

This is found at the end of the bones it will act as a shock absorber to protect James’ bones from the high impact of running

Question 21

What are ligaments?

Answer 21

They attach Bone to bone at a joint. James’ ligaments in his ankles and knees will stabilise his joints reduce the chance of injury

Question 22

What are tendons?

Answer 22

These connect muscle to bone and allow for movement to take place. If James overtrains he may experience pain in his tendons

Question 23

What 5 things do james’ skeleton provide him with?

Answer 23

Protection
Blood production 
Shape 
Support 
Movement

Question 24

How does the skeleton provide protection?

Answer 24

The protection of major organs e.g. his sternum would provide protection to his heart if he fell down

Question 25

How does the skeleton provide blood production?

Answer 25

Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow of flat bones. His red blood cells will transport oxygen to his working muscles

Question 26

How does the skeleton provide shape?

Answer 26

James' bones will determine his body shape. Having long bones in his legs will be an advantage as it will increase his stride length and distance covered

Question 27

How does the skeleton provide support?

Answer 27

It holds the position of his vital organs E.g. his lungs are held by his ribs

Question 28

How does the skeleton provide movement?

Answer 28

His muscles are connected to bones by tendons which allow movement at a joint e.g. the flexion and extension of his leg at the knee

Question 29

How are muscles attached to bones?

Answer 29

By tendons

Question 30

How will James' muscles work when he runs?

Answer 30

His knee must bend (flexion) and straighten (extension). The quadriceps and the hamstrings must work together (antagonistic pairs) to create the movements

Question 31

What will happen with the hamstrings contract

Answer 31

As they are the prime mover, the quadriceps will relax (antagonist) to allow flexion of the knee to take place

Question 32

What is the agonist?

Answer 32

This is the prime mover or a muscle that contracts to create movement

Question 33

What is the antagonist?

Answer 33

Muscle that relaxes to allow the movement

Question 34

What are the 4 types of bone in the body?

Answer 34

Long bones Irregular bones Short bones Flat bones

Question 35

Give examples of long bones

Answer 35

``` Arm: Humerus Radius Ulna Leg: Femur Tibia Fibula ```

Question 36

What do long bones do?

Answer 36

Act as levers for movement (they are essential) | Blood cell production occurs here

Question 37

Give examples of irregular bones

Answer 37

Vertebrae | Patella

Question 38

What do irregular bones do?

Answer 38

Offer support to the body

Question 39

Give examples of short bones

Answer 39

Carpels | Tarsals

Question 40

What do short bones do?

Answer 40

Designed for strength, and weight bearing

Question 41

Give examples of flat bones

Answer 41

``` Cranium Clavicle Scapula Sternum Ribs Pelvis ```

Question 42

What do flat bones do?

Answer 42

Built for protection | They have a large surface are for origins to attach to tendons

Question 43

What 3 types of joint are in the body?

Answer 43

Fixed Slightly movable Freely movable/ synovial

Question 44

What do fixed joints do?

Answer 44

No movement

Question 45

What do slightly moveable joints do?

Answer 45

Small amount of movement

Question 46

What do freely movable/ synovial joints do?

Answer 46

Movement, in one or more directions Reduce wear and tear Absorb shock Reduce friction

Question 47

What are the 2 types of muscular contraction?

Answer 47

Isometric and isotonic

Question 48

What is an isometric contraction?

Answer 48

Where the muscle stays the same length

Question 49

What is an isotonic contraction?

Answer 49

When movement occurs and the agonist muscle changes length

Question 50

What are the 2 types of isotonic contraction?

Answer 50

Concentric | Eccentric

Question 51

What is an isotonic concentric contraction?

Answer 51

Where the muscle shortens when performing an action | Eg. Kicking a football

Question 52

What is an isotonic eccentric contraction?

Answer 52

Where the muscle lengthens under tension, they usually occur against gravity, acting as a brake not relaxing Eg. Bicep curl

Question 53

Define posture

Answer 53

Holding your body in a way that puts the least amount of strain on the muscles, bones and joints

Question 54

Define muscle tone

Answer 54

Muscles readiness to work and be in a prepared state to work

Question 55

Advantages of good posture

Answer 55

Helps shape More room in lungs to operate in More images available Bone alignment prevents injury

Question 56

Disadvantages of poor posture

Answer 56

Increased likelihood of injury Extra strain Back pain