Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
Cartilage at the articular surface?
Majority of the skeletal structures
Bone organ
Derived from paraxial mesoderm,
muscular system (comprises its musculature)
Skeletal muscle
Parenchymatous organ is enclosed by a capsule of DWFCT called?
muscle organ
fascia or epimysium
Divided into bundles (fascicles) by
DWFCT (collagen fibers) called?
muscle organ
Perimysium
Each fascicles present skeletal myocytes
individually wrapped by a thin loose
connective tissue called?
muscle organ
Endomysium
What muscles are from cells of the
hyoid arch?
Facial muscles
Matrix becomes rigid and
chondroblasts stop dividing to
become?
Chondrocytes
As the cartilage expands, it is invested
peripherally by a compacted mesenchyme
chondroblasts
Perichondrium
- at the center of the bone
- endochondral ossification
type of bone (based on structure)
Cancellous bone
Functional unit of the bone?
Haversian System/Osteon
At the periphery of the bone?
Compact bone
Composed of the epiphysis (located at the distak end of the bone)
type if tubular bone
Long bone
Where the increase in the length of the lacunae occurs?
Epiphyseal plate
No epiphyseal plate growth plate present in the vertebral bone
Short bone
short and long bones in the body
type of bone (based on origin)
Endochondral bone
flat bones in the body
ex: mandible, skull and maxilla
intramembranous bone
Bone with large
intertrabecular spaces
cancellous bone
bone-eaters?
osteoclasts
cartilage-eaters
chondroclasts
are short bones arranged segmentally to comprise the vertebral column?
VERTEBRAE
walled in centrally
by the articular surfaces of two
adjacent bones and laterally by
the synovial membrane?
joint cavity
becomes segment to form somites?
paraxial mesoderm
2 cell populations in each somite?
- diffuse cranial populations
- dense caudal populations
Inside the vertebral cana is the spinal cord. it increases in size too.
T OR F?
F
The spinal cord do NOT increase in size.
Parts of notochord within
intervertebral discs persist as a
mucoid structure called?
Nucleus Pulposus
Will only be the remaining notochord?
Nucleus Pulposus
Peripheral part of the disc is a fibrous ring called?
Annulus fibrosus
Surface ectoderm at the apex of each limb bud that thickens into a nipple-like structure.
AER
Appear beneath the cranial and caudal ectoderm of the paddle-shaped distal part of the limb
Necrotic zones
an area of embryonic tissue that appears
morphologically undifferentiated but is already committed to a particular fate
Morphogenetic field
development of an adult structure regardless of location
Self-differentiation
the ability of embryonic tissues to recognize changes in
their size or position to form a complete patterned set of appropriate structures.
Embryonic regulation
ability of a tissue to develop in its normal orientation
Polarity
involves change in shape,
location or even cell death
Morphogenesis
invisible blueprint of cell
subpopulations to form specific tissues or organs
Patterning
- Regular DWFCT that
attaches muscle organ to
bone organ. - Encapsulated with irregular
DWFCT called epitenon.
Tendon
DWFCT or elastic fibers that join
muscle and/or bone organs.
Ligaments
DWFCT, cartilage or bone that
joins two or more bone organs.
Joints
(union of two frontal bones by
DWFCT. This type of fibrous joint will progress into a suture (with less dense
connective tissue) as the animal matures.
Syndesmosis
The epiphysis is united with the diaphysis by hyaline (epiphyseal) cartilage. This type of joint is only temporary - the joint
becomes obliterated as the cartilage is
replaced by bone and the joint becomes
synostosis.
Synchondrosis
- Hyaline cartilage + DWFCT
bones capped
by hyaline cartilage are
joined by DWFCT.
Symphysis
–hyaline cartilage + fibrocartilage
The vertebral bodies are united by
fibrocartilage (intervertebral discs)
Symphysis
Hyaline cartilage + synovial membrane
presents
a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid, a
joint capsule or articular capsule and
articular cartilage.
Diarthrosis or Synovial Joint
– transmits motor
efferent impulses to
skeletal myocytes.
Myoneural junction or motor endplate
– receptor located in
between skeletal
myocytes for tension in
the muscle organ.
Neuromuscular spindle apparatus or muscle spindle
- located in the tendon close to its
junction with a muscle organ. - Receptor for tension in the
tendon.
Neurotendinous spindle or Golgi tendon organ
lateral deviation of vertebral
column
Scoliosis
sagittal deviation of vertebral
column in a fixed flexed position.
Kyphosis
sagittal deviation of vertebral
column in a fixed extended position.
Lordosis
abnormal twisting of the
cervical vertebral
column.
Torticollis or wry neck
failure of vertebral arch to form
dorsally over the vertebral foramen
Spina bifida
spina bifida of several adjacent vertebrae.
Rachischisis
spina bifida
covered by skin and
subcutis.
Spina bifida occulta
sensitive to genetic and
environmental disruptions during tissue interactions.
Appendicular tissues
loss of specific part
of a limb.
Limb reduction
complete absence of a limb.
Amelia
partial or complete absence
of limb or its parts.
Ecromelia
absence of half or
one or more segments of a limb.
Hemimelia
reduced size of a limb.
Micromelia
absence or reduction of one or more proximal
limb segments.
Phocomelia
fused digits.
Syndactyly
shortened digits.
Brachydactyly
absence of one or more digits.
Ectrodactyly
presence of one or more extra digits.
Common in pig and cat
Limb duplication
one or more extra digits.
Polydactyly
partial or complete duplication of one
limb.
Bimelia
limb growing from the back
of the animal.
Notomelia
crooked limb
Arthrogryposis
abnormal maturation of the hip joint that results in formation of a shallow acetabulum and flattened femoral head. Inherited and associated with large,
muscular breeds of dog.
Hip dysplasia
permanent fixation of a joint
caused by immobility of the fetus in utero.
Ankylosis
Facial muscle: which V.A. ?
Visceral arch 2
Secretes calcium to osteoid?
Bone trabeculae
Bone with large intertrabecular spaces
Cancellous bone
Where the nerves and blood vessels are present?
Haversian canal
This cavity contains synovial fluid that lubricates the cartilaginous articular surfaces
Joint cavity
Tendon is encapsulated with irregular DWFCT called?
Epitenon
consists of bundles of collagen fibers and fibroclast, each bundle is enclosed by a perimysium like c.t.
tendon
Endotenon
