Musculoskeletal System Flashcards by Lizette Angeles

Cartilage at the articular surface?
Majority of the skeletal structures

Bone organ

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Derived from paraxial mesoderm,

muscular system (comprises its musculature)

Skeletal muscle

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Parenchymatous organ is enclosed by a capsule of DWFCT called?

muscle organ

fascia or epimysium

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Divided into bundles (fascicles) by
DWFCT (collagen fibers) called?

muscle organ

Perimysium

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Each fascicles present skeletal myocytes
individually wrapped by a thin loose
connective tissue called?

muscle organ

Endomysium

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What muscles are from cells of the
hyoid arch?

Facial muscles

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Matrix becomes rigid and
chondroblasts stop dividing to
become?

Chondrocytes

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As the cartilage expands, it is invested
peripherally by a compacted mesenchyme

chondroblasts

Perichondrium

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at the center of the bone
endochondral ossification

type of bone (based on structure)

Cancellous bone

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Functional unit of the bone?

Haversian System/Osteon

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At the periphery of the bone?

Compact bone

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Composed of the epiphysis (located at the distak end of the bone)

type if tubular bone

Long bone

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Where the increase in the length of the lacunae occurs?

Epiphyseal plate

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No epiphyseal plate growth plate present in the vertebral bone

Short bone

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short and long bones in the body

type of bone (based on origin)

Endochondral bone

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flat bones in the body
ex: mandible, skull and maxilla

intramembranous bone

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Bone with large
intertrabecular spaces

cancellous bone

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bone-eaters?

osteoclasts

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cartilage-eaters

chondroclasts

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are short bones arranged segmentally to comprise the vertebral column?

VERTEBRAE

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walled in centrally
by the articular surfaces of two
adjacent bones and laterally by
the synovial membrane?

joint cavity

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becomes segment to form somites?

paraxial mesoderm

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2 cell populations in each somite?

diffuse cranial populations
dense caudal populations

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Inside the vertebral cana is the spinal cord. it increases in size too.

T OR F?

F
The spinal cord do NOT increase in size.

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Parts of notochord within intervertebral discs persist as a mucoid structure called?

Nucleus Pulposus

Will only be the remaining notochord?

Nucleus Pulposus

Peripheral part of the disc is a fibrous ring called?

Annulus fibrosus

Surface ectoderm at the apex of each limb bud that thickens into a nipple-like structure.

AER

Appear beneath the cranial and caudal ectoderm of the paddle-shaped distal part of the limb

Necrotic zones

an area of embryonic tissue that appears morphologically undifferentiated but is already committed to a particular fate

Morphogenetic field

development of an adult structure regardless of location

Self-differentiation

the ability of embryonic tissues to recognize changes in their size or position to form a complete patterned set of appropriate structures.

Embryonic regulation

ability of a tissue to develop in its normal orientation

Polarity

involves change in shape, location or even cell death

Morphogenesis

invisible blueprint of cell subpopulations to form specific tissues or organs

Patterning

- Regular DWFCT that attaches muscle organ to bone organ. - Encapsulated with irregular DWFCT called epitenon.

Tendon

DWFCT or elastic fibers that join muscle and/or bone organs.

Ligaments

DWFCT, cartilage or bone that joins two or more bone organs.

Joints

(union of two frontal bones by DWFCT. This type of fibrous joint will progress into a suture (with less dense connective tissue) as the animal matures.

Syndesmosis

The epiphysis is united with the diaphysis by hyaline (epiphyseal) cartilage. This type of joint is only temporary - the joint becomes obliterated as the cartilage is replaced by bone and the joint becomes synostosis.

Synchondrosis

- Hyaline cartilage + DWFCT bones capped by hyaline cartilage are joined by DWFCT.

Symphysis

–hyaline cartilage + fibrocartilage The vertebral bodies are united by fibrocartilage (intervertebral discs)

Symphysis

Hyaline cartilage + synovial membrane presents a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid, a joint capsule or articular capsule and articular cartilage.

Diarthrosis or Synovial Joint

– transmits motor efferent impulses to skeletal myocytes.

Myoneural junction or motor endplate

– receptor located in between skeletal myocytes for tension in the muscle organ.

Neuromuscular spindle apparatus or muscle spindle

- located in the tendon close to its junction with a muscle organ. - Receptor for tension in the tendon.

Neurotendinous spindle or Golgi tendon organ

lateral deviation of vertebral column

Scoliosis

sagittal deviation of vertebral column in a fixed flexed position.

Kyphosis

sagittal deviation of vertebral column in a fixed extended position.

Lordosis

abnormal twisting of the cervical vertebral column.

Torticollis or wry neck

failure of vertebral arch to form dorsally over the vertebral foramen

Spina bifida

spina bifida of several adjacent vertebrae.

Rachischisis

spina bifida covered by skin and subcutis.

Spina bifida occulta

sensitive to genetic and environmental disruptions during tissue interactions.

Appendicular tissues

loss of specific part of a limb.

Limb reduction

complete absence of a limb.

Amelia

partial or complete absence of limb or its parts.

Ecromelia

absence of half or one or more segments of a limb.

Hemimelia

reduced size of a limb.

Micromelia

absence or reduction of one or more proximal limb segments.

Phocomelia

fused digits.

Syndactyly

shortened digits.

Brachydactyly

absence of one or more digits.

Ectrodactyly

presence of one or more extra digits. Common in pig and cat

Limb duplication

one or more extra digits.

Polydactyly

partial or complete duplication of one limb.

Bimelia

limb growing from the back of the animal.

Notomelia

crooked limb

Arthrogryposis

abnormal maturation of the hip joint that results in formation of a shallow acetabulum and flattened femoral head. Inherited and associated with large, muscular breeds of dog.

Hip dysplasia

permanent fixation of a joint caused by immobility of the fetus in utero.

Ankylosis

Facial muscle: which V.A. ?

Visceral arch 2

Secretes calcium to osteoid?

Bone trabeculae

Bone with large intertrabecular spaces

Cancellous bone

Where the nerves and blood vessels are present?

Haversian canal

This cavity contains synovial fluid that lubricates the cartilaginous articular surfaces

Joint cavity

Tendon is encapsulated with irregular DWFCT called?

Epitenon

consists of bundles of collagen fibers and fibroclast, each bundle is enclosed by a perimysium like c.t. | tendon

Endotenon