Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
The musculoskeletal system includes the bones, muscles, and joints
True
Functions of Bones
- > Provides the framework on which body is constructed
- > provides protection & supports internal organs
- > Point of attachment for muscles (aids in movement)
- The inner core of bones is composed of hematopoietic tissue (red bone marrow, manufactures blood cells)
- Outer parts of bones are storage areas for minerals necessary for growth (calcium and phosphorus)
Joints
places where bones come together
Muscle
- > Whether attached to bones or to internal organs and blood vessels, are responsible for movement.
- > Internal movement involves the contraction and relaxation of muscles found in viscera, and external movement is accomplished by the contraction and relaxation of muscles that are attached to the bones.
- > Tendons are connective tissue that bind muscles to bones, while ligaments bind bones to other bones.
Orthopedists
physicians who treat (surgically and medically) bone, joint, and muscle conditions
Rheumatologist
a physician (nonsurgical) who specialize primarily in joint problems
physiatrists
medial doctors whose focus is on rehabilitation after injury or illness to muscles, bones, and nerves
Bone head
-> process
rounded end of a bone
Condyle
-> process
rounded knuckle-like process, at the end of a bone
Epicondyle
-> process
small rounded process above the condyle
Trochanters
-> process
large and small processes for tendon attachments on the femur
Tuberosity (Tubercle)
-> process
round elevation where tendons and muscles attach on the humerus, calcaneus (heel bone), and pelvis
Fissure
- > Depression
- narrow groove or slit-like opening
- orbital (eye socket) fissure
Foramen
- > Depression
- opening for blood vessels and nerves
- foramen magnum of the skull
Fossa
- > Depression
- shallow cavity in or on a bone
- olecranon (elbow) fossa on humerus
Sinus
- > depression
- hollow cavity within bone
- sinuses of the skull
frontal bone
forms the forehead and the roof of the bony sockets that contain the eyes
Parietal bone
the 2 bones (one on each side of the skull) that form the roof and upper part of the sides of the cranium
Temporal bone
- the 2 bones that form the lower sides and base of the cranium.
- each bone encloses an ear and contains a fossa for joining with the mandible (lower jawbone)
- Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is the area of connection between the temporal and mandibular bones
- Mastoid process: a round process of the temporal bone behind the ear
- Styloid process: projects downward from the temporal bone
Occipital bone
forms the back and base of the skull and joins the parietal and temporal bones, forming a suture
-the inferior portion of this has an opening called the foramen magnum through which the spinal cord passes
Sphenoid bone
- bat-shaped bone that extends behind the eyes and forms part of the base of the skull
- joins with the frontal, occipital, and ethmoid bones– serves as an anchor to hold those skull bone together
- Sella Turcica: a depression in the sphenoid bone in which the pituitary gland is located
ethmoid bone
the thin, delicate bone that supports the nasal cavity and forms part of the sockets of the eyes
-composed primarily of spongy bone
Lacrimal bones
corners of each eye
Mandible
lower jawbone
maxillae
upper jawbones
nasal bones
bridge and septum of nose
vomer
nasal septum (thin, flat bone)
zygomatic bones
cheek bones
flexion
decreasing the angle between 2 bones; bending a limb
extension
increasing the angle between 2 bones; straightening out a limb
abduction
movement away from the midline of the body
adduction
movement toward the midline of the body
rotation
Circular movement around an axis (central point). Internal rotation is toward the center of the body and external rotation is away from the center of the body.
dorsiflexion
Decreasing the angle of the ankle joint so that the foot moves upward, toward the knee or ceiling. This is the opposite movement of stepping on the gas pedal when driving a car.
plantar flexion
Motion that moves the foot downward toward the ground as when pointing the toes or stepping on the gas pedal. Plant/o means sole of the foot.
supination
As applied to the hand and forearm, where the elbow is bent, the act of turning the palm up. As applied to the foot, it is outward roll of the foot/ankle during normal motion.
-palm faces up
pronation
As applied to the hand and forearm, where the elbow is bent, the act of turning the palm down. As applied to the foot, it is inward roll of the foot/ankle during normal motion.
-palm faces down
Antinuclear antibody test (ANA)
detects an antibody often present in serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune diseases
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
Measures time it takes for erythrocytes to settle to the bottom of a test tube
rheumatoid factor test (RF)
Serum is tested for the presence of an antibody found in many patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
serum calcium (Ca)
Measurement of calcium level in serum
serum creatine kinase (CK)
Measurement of the enzyme creatine kinase in serum.
-increased levels occur in muscular dystrophy, polymyositis, and rhabdomyolysis with traumatic injuries
uric acid test
measurement of uric acid in serum
arthrocentesis
Surgical puncture to remove fluid from the joint space.
arthrography
taking x-ray images after injection of contrast material into a joint
arthroplasty
surgical repair or replacement of a joint
arthroscopy
visual examination of a joint with an arthroscope, which projects an image on a video monitor
bone density test (bone densitometry)
low energy x-ray absorption in bones of the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist is used to measure bone mass
bone scan
uptake of a radioactive substance is measured in bone
computed tomography (CT)
Xray beam and computer show cross-sectional and other images of body tissue
discography
X-ray examination of cervical or lumbar intervertebral disc after injection of contrast into nucleus pulposus (interior of the disc).
electromyography (EMG)
recording the electrical activity of muscle tissue
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
strong magnetic field and advanced computing technology are used to create high-resolution images of soft tissues inside the body
