Cardiovascular System Flashcards
The venae cavae bring oxygen-poor blood that has passed through all of the body to the right atrium [3], the thin-walled upper right chamber of the heart. The right atrium contracts to force blood through the tricuspid valve [4] (cusps are the flaps of the valves) into the right ventricle [5], the lower right chamber of the heart. The cusps of the tricuspid valve form a one-way passage designed to keep the blood flowing in only one direction. As the right ventricle contracts to pump oxygen-poor blood through the pulmonary valve [6] into the pulmonary artery [7], the tricuspid valve stays shut, thus preventing blood from pushing back into the right atrium. The pulmonary artery then branches to carry oxygendeficient blood to each lung.
The blood that enters the lung capillaries from the pulmonary artery soon loses its large quantity of carbon dioxide into the lung tissue, and the carbon dioxide is expelled. At the same time, oxygen enters the capillaries of the lungs and is brought back to the heart via the pulmonary veins [8]. The newly oxygenated blood enters the left atrium [9] of the heart from the pulmonary veins. The walls of the left atrium contract to force blood through the mitral valve [10] into the left ventricle [11].
The left ventricle has the thickest walls of all four heart chambers (three times the thickness of the right ventricular wall). It must pump blood with great force so that the blood travels through arteries to all parts of the body. The left ventricle propels the blood through the aortic valve [12] into the aorta [13], which branches to carry blood all over the body. The aortic valve closes to prevent return of aortic blood to the left ventricle
process
interatrial septum
separates the 2 upper chambers (atria)
interventricular septum
a muscular wall, lies between the 2 lower chambers (ventricles)
endocardium
a smooth layer of endothelial cells, lines the interior of the heart and heart valves
myocardium
the middle, muscular layer of the heart wall, is thickest layer
pericardium
a fibrous and membranous sac surrounds the heart-> composed of 2 layers
- visceral pericaridium: adhering to the heart
- parietal (parietal means wall) pericardium: lining the outer fibrous coat
pericardial cavity
- between the visceral and the parietal pericardial layers
- normally contains 10 to 15 mL of pericardial fluid, which lubricates the membranes as the heart beats
2 phases of the heartbeat
- diastole (relaxation)
- systole (contraction)
diastole occurs when ventricles walls relax and blood flows into the heart from the venae cavae and the pulmonary veins
true
the tricuspid and mitral valves open in diastole as blood passes from the right and left atria into the ventricles. pulmonary and aortic valves close at beginning of diastole
true
tricuspid and mitral valves are closed during systole (prevents the back flow of blood)
true
“lubb” is associated with closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves at the beginning of systole. first heart sound
true
“dubb”= closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves at the end of systole. second heart sound
true
the flow of blood thru the valves can produce an abnormal swishing sound known as a murmur
true
initiating heart beat= small region of muscle tissue in the posterior portion of the right atrium, where elevtrical impulse originates= this is SA node or PACEMAKER
current of electricity in the pacemaker causes walls of atria to contract
atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his)
specialized muscle fibers connecting the atria with the ventricles and transmitting electrical impulses between them
atrioventricular node (AV node)
specialized tissue in the wall between the atria. electrical impulses pass from the pacemaker (sa node) through the AV node and the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his) towards the ventricles
coronary arteries
blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen rich blood to the heart muscle
electrocardiogram
record of the electrical activity of the heart. the electricity is represented by waves or deflections called P, QRS, or T
normal sinus rhythm
heart rhythm originating in the sinoatrial node with a rate in patients at rest of 60 to 100 beats per minute
pacemaker (sinoatrial node)
specialized nervous tissue in the right atrium that begins the heartbeat. an artificial cardiac pacemaker is an electronic apparatus implanted in the chest to stimulate heart muscle that is weak and not functioning.
pulmonary artery
artery carrying oxygen poor blood from the heart to the lungs
sphygmomanometer
instrument to measure blood pressure
systemic circulation
flow of blood from body tissue to the heart and then from the heart back to body tissues
tricuspid valve
located between the right atrium and the right ventricle; has 3 leaflets or cusps
angi/o
vessel
aort/o
aorta
arter/o
arteri/o
artery
ather/o
yellowish plaque, fatty substance
- > atheroma: atheromas are collections of plaque that protrude into the lumen (opening) of an artery, weakening the muscle lining
- > atherosclerosis: major form of arteriosclerosis in which deposits of yellow plaque (atheromas) containing cholesterol and lipids are found within the lining of the artery
atri/o
atrium, upper heart chamber
brachi/o
arm
cardi/o
heart
cardiomyopathy
abnormal thickening of heart muscle, usually in the left ventricle. the ventricle has to work harder to pump blood. the condition may be inherited or develop over time because of high blood pressure or aging.
bradycardia
slower than 60 bpm
tachycardia
faster than 100 bpm.
cardiogenic shock
results from failure of the heart in its pumping action. shock is circulatory failure associated with inadequate delivery of o2 and nutrients to body tissues.
coron/o
heart
cyan/o
blue
myx/o
mucus
-> myxoma: a benign tumor derived from connective tissue, with cells embedded in soft mucoid stromal tissue. occur more frequently in left atrium
ox/o
oxygen
-> hypoxia: inadequate o2 in tissues
pericardi/o
pericardium
-> pericardiocentesis: removal of excess fluid from the pericardial space
phleb/o
vein
rrhythm/o
rhythm
-> arrhythmia: abnormal heart rhythm
sphygm/o
pulse
steth/o
chest
thromb/o
clot
valvul/o,
valv/o
valve
-> valvuloplasty: a balloon tipped catheter dilates a cardiac valve
-> mitralvalvulitis: Commonly associated with rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease caused by inadequate treatment of a streptococcal infection. An autoimmune reaction occurs, leading to inflammation and damage to heart valves.
vas/o
vessel
vascul/o
vessel
ven/o,
ven/i
vein
ventricul/o
ventricle, lower heart chamber
ather/o
yellowish plaque
arteri/o
artery
arthr/o
joint
arrhythmias
abnormal heart rhythms (dysrhythmias)
bradycardia and heart block (atrioventricular block)
failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
- heart beats slowly… results in bradychardia
- implantation of artifical cardiac pacemaker overcomes arrhythmias and keeps heart beating at proper rate.
flutter
rapid but regular contractions, usually of atria
- HR may reach 300 bpm
- symptomatic of heart disease
fibrillation
very rapid, random, ineffeicient, and irregular contractions of the heart (350 beats or more per min)
