chapter 5: pathology Flashcards
etiology
cause
idiopathic
unknown
anorexia
- > lack of appetite.
- > (-orexia= appetite)
- > often a sign of malignancy or liver disease
-> different from anorexia nervosa (emotional eating disorder)
ascites
- > abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
- > can be a sign of neoplasm or inflammatory disorders in the abdomen, venous hypertension (high blood pressure) cause by liver disease (cirrhosis), or heart failure.
- > treatment: diuretic drugs and paracentesis to remove fluid
borborygmi
rumbling or gurgling noises produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the gastrointestinal tract
-> Signs of hyperactive intestinal peristalsis, borborygmi (bowel sounds) often are present in cases of gastroenteritis and diarrhea.
sign
an objective finding- such as an increase in body temp, a rash, or a sound heard on listening to the chest-indicating the presence of disease as perceived by an examiner
symptom
is a subjective sensation or change in health- such as itching, pain, fatigue, or nausea-as experienced by the patient
dysphagia
difficulty in swallowing
can be because of:
-physical obstruction (obstructive dysphagia)
-motor disorder in which esophageal peristalsis is not coordinated (motor dysphagia)
eructation
gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth
-also known as burping
flatus
gas expelled through the anus
-one sign of a bowel obstruction is the inability to pass flatus, fart
hematochezia
passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum.
cause: -usually hemorrhoids can also be: -colitis -ulcers -polyps -cancer
jaundice (icterus)
yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes cause by high levels of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia)
-jaundice can occur when (1) excessive destruction of erythrocytes, as in hemolysis, causes excess bilirubin in the blood; (2) malfunction of liver cells (hepatocytes) due to liver disease prevents the liver from excreting bilirubin with bile; or (3) obstruction of bile flow, such as from choledocholithiasis or tumor, prevents bilirubin in bile from being excreted into the duodenum.
melena
black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood
-results from bleeding in the upper GI tract
steatorrhea
fat in the feces
Cause:
-may occur with disease of the pancreas (pancreatitis) when pancreatic enzymes are not excreted.
-also a sign of intestinal disease that involves malabsorption of fat
aphthous stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers. also known as canker sores
cause:
unknown
dental caries
tooth decay
herpetic stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpesvirus
Cause:
- herpes simplex virus 1
- herpes genitalis (due to HSV2) involves the reproductive organs
oral leukoplakia
white plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth
- > precancerous lesion
- > results from chronic tobacco use
periodontal disease
inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone.
- > in gingivectomy, the periodontist uses a metal instrument to scrape away plaque and tartar from teeth; any pockets of pus (pyorrhea) are then drained and removed to allow new tissue to form.
- > localized infections are treated with systemic antibiotics
achalasia
failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax
- > results from the loss of peristalsis so that food cannot pass easily through the esophagus
- > drs. recommend a bland diet low in bulk and mechanical stretching of the LES to relieve symptoms
esophageal cancer
malignant tumor of the esophagus
Common symotom: difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
risk factors:
- smoking
- chronic drinking
-> Barrett esophagus: long-term irritation of the esophagus caused by gastric reflux is a premalignant condition
Treatment options:
- surgery
- radiation
- chemotherapy
esophageal varices
swollen varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus
Treatments:
- banding (tying off the swollen esophageal veins) or sclerotherapy (injecting veins with a solution that closes them)
- drug therapy to lower portal hypertension can be used to decrease the risk of variceal bleeding
gastric cancer
malignant tumor of the stomach
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach. heartburn. Chronic exposure of esophageal mucosa to gastric acid and pepsin (an enzyme that digests protein) leads to reflux esophagitis.
- treatment:
- antacid
- medication to increase the tone of the LES
hernia
protrusion of an organ or part through the tissues and muscles normally containing it.
hiatal hernia
occurs when the upper part of the stomach protrudes upward through the diaphragm
can lead to GERD
inguinal hernia
occurs when a small loop of bowel protrudes through a weak lower abdominal wall tissue (fascia) surrounding muscles
surgical repairs known as herniorrhaphy
peptic ulcer
open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum
Cause: -H. pylori bacteria -hyperacidity -gastric juice all damage the epithelial linings
treatment:
- antibiotics
- antacids
- agents
anal fistula
abnormal tube like passageway near the anus
cause:
results from a break or fissure in the wall of the anus or rectum, or from an abscess (infected area) there
colonic polyps
polyps (benign growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon
- > pedunculated polyps: attatched to the membrane by a stalk
- > sessile polyps: sitting directly on the mucous membrane
treatment:
polypectomy: growths are removed
colorectal cancer
adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both
cause:
-can arise from polyps in the colon or rectal region
diagnosis:
- detecting blood in the stool
- colonoscopy
treatment:
- surgical treatment include excision of a major section of colon with rejoining of the cut ends (anastomosis)
- chemotherapy
- radiotherapy
crohn disease
chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract
-Signs and symptoms include diarrhea, severe abdominal pain, fever, anorexia, weakness, and weight loss. Both Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis are forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
diverticulosis
abnormal outpouchings (diverticula) in the intestinal wall of the colon
Diverticulitis is a complication of diverticulosis. When fecal matter becomes trapped in diverticula, diverticulitis can occur. Pain and rectal bleeding are symptoms.
dysentery
painful inflammation of the intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection
hemorrhoids
swollen, twisted varicose veins in the rectal region
ileus
loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines
Surgery, trauma, or bacterial injury to the peritoneum can lead to a paralytic ileus
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
inflammation of the colon and small intestine
- crohn disease
- ulcerative colitis
intussesception
telescoping of the intestines
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
Group of GI symptoms (abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation) without structural abnormalities in the intestines.
a type of functional gastrointestinal disorder
ulcerative colitis
chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers
- This idiopathic, chronic, recurrent diarrheal disease (an inflammatory bowel disease) manifests with rectal bleeding and pain. Often beginning in the colon, the inflammation spreads proximally, involving the entire colon. Drug treatment and careful attention to diet are recommended. Resection of diseased bowel with ileostomy may be necessary.
- ppl with this have a higher risk for developing colon cancer
volvulus
Twisting of the intestine on itself
IBS is a condition with no structural abnormalities of the intestines, IBD (Crohn’s and ulcerative colitis) involves structural abnormalities.
true
cholelithiasis
gallstones in the gall bladder
cirrhosis
chronic degenerative disease of the liver
cirrhosis is commonly the result of chronic alcoholism, viral hepatitis, iron overload, or other causes. Lobes of the liver become scarred with fibrous tissue, hepatic cells degenerate, and the liver is infiltrated with fat.
hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
liver cancer
-HCC is commonly associated with hepatitis B and C virus infections and cirrhosis due to chronic alcohol use.
pancreatic cancer
malignant tumor of the pancreas
procedure:
-pancreatoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure). Chemotherapy and radiation may also be used.
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
-Digestive enzymes attack pancreatic tissue and damage the gland. Other etiologic factors include chronic alcoholism, drug toxicity, gallstone obstruction of the common bile duct, and viral infections.
viral hepatitis
inflammation of the liver caused by a virus
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