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HAN 312 > chapter 5: pathology > Flashcards

chapter 5: pathology Flashcards

1
Q

etiology

A

cause

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2
Q

idiopathic

A

unknown

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3
Q

anorexia

A
  • > lack of appetite.
  • > (-orexia= appetite)
  • > often a sign of malignancy or liver disease

-> different from anorexia nervosa (emotional eating disorder)

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4
Q

ascites

A
  • > abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
  • > can be a sign of neoplasm or inflammatory disorders in the abdomen, venous hypertension (high blood pressure) cause by liver disease (cirrhosis), or heart failure.
  • > treatment: diuretic drugs and paracentesis to remove fluid
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5
Q

borborygmi

A

rumbling or gurgling noises produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the gastrointestinal tract

-> Signs of hyperactive intestinal peristalsis, borborygmi (bowel sounds) often are present in cases of gastroenteritis and diarrhea.

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6
Q

sign

A

an objective finding- such as an increase in body temp, a rash, or a sound heard on listening to the chest-indicating the presence of disease as perceived by an examiner

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7
Q

symptom

A

is a subjective sensation or change in health- such as itching, pain, fatigue, or nausea-as experienced by the patient

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8
Q

dysphagia

A

difficulty in swallowing

can be because of:
-physical obstruction (obstructive dysphagia)

-motor disorder in which esophageal peristalsis is not coordinated (motor dysphagia)

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9
Q

eructation

A

gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth

-also known as burping

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10
Q

flatus

A

gas expelled through the anus

-one sign of a bowel obstruction is the inability to pass flatus, fart

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11
Q

hematochezia

A

passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum.

cause:
-usually hemorrhoids
can also be:
-colitis
-ulcers
-polyps
-cancer
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12
Q

jaundice (icterus)

A

yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes cause by high levels of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia)

-jaundice can occur when (1) excessive destruction of erythrocytes, as in hemolysis, causes excess bilirubin in the blood; (2) malfunction of liver cells (hepatocytes) due to liver disease prevents the liver from excreting bilirubin with bile; or (3) obstruction of bile flow, such as from choledocholithiasis or tumor, prevents bilirubin in bile from being excreted into the duodenum.

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13
Q

melena

A

black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood

-results from bleeding in the upper GI tract

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14
Q

steatorrhea

A

fat in the feces

Cause:
-may occur with disease of the pancreas (pancreatitis) when pancreatic enzymes are not excreted.

-also a sign of intestinal disease that involves malabsorption of fat

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15
Q

aphthous stomatitis

A

inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers. also known as canker sores

cause:
unknown

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16
Q

dental caries

A

tooth decay

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17
Q

herpetic stomatitis

A

inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpesvirus

Cause:

  • herpes simplex virus 1
  • herpes genitalis (due to HSV2) involves the reproductive organs
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18
Q

oral leukoplakia

A

white plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth

  • > precancerous lesion
  • > results from chronic tobacco use
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19
Q

periodontal disease

A

inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone.

  • > in gingivectomy, the periodontist uses a metal instrument to scrape away plaque and tartar from teeth; any pockets of pus (pyorrhea) are then drained and removed to allow new tissue to form.
  • > localized infections are treated with systemic antibiotics
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20
Q

achalasia

A

failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax

  • > results from the loss of peristalsis so that food cannot pass easily through the esophagus
  • > drs. recommend a bland diet low in bulk and mechanical stretching of the LES to relieve symptoms
21
Q

esophageal cancer

A

malignant tumor of the esophagus

Common symotom:
difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)

risk factors:

  • smoking
  • chronic drinking

-> Barrett esophagus: long-term irritation of the esophagus caused by gastric reflux is a premalignant condition

Treatment options:

  • surgery
  • radiation
  • chemotherapy
22
Q

esophageal varices

A

swollen varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus

Treatments:

  • banding (tying off the swollen esophageal veins) or sclerotherapy (injecting veins with a solution that closes them)
  • drug therapy to lower portal hypertension can be used to decrease the risk of variceal bleeding
23
Q

gastric cancer

A

malignant tumor of the stomach

24
Q

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A

solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach. heartburn. Chronic exposure of esophageal mucosa to gastric acid and pepsin (an enzyme that digests protein) leads to reflux esophagitis.

  • treatment:
  • antacid
  • medication to increase the tone of the LES
25
Q

hernia

A

protrusion of an organ or part through the tissues and muscles normally containing it.

26
Q

hiatal hernia

A

occurs when the upper part of the stomach protrudes upward through the diaphragm

can lead to GERD

27
Q

inguinal hernia

A

occurs when a small loop of bowel protrudes through a weak lower abdominal wall tissue (fascia) surrounding muscles

surgical repairs known as herniorrhaphy

28
Q

peptic ulcer

A

open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum

Cause:
-H. pylori bacteria
-hyperacidity
-gastric juice
all damage the epithelial linings

treatment:

  • antibiotics
  • antacids
  • agents
29
Q

anal fistula

A

abnormal tube like passageway near the anus

cause:
results from a break or fissure in the wall of the anus or rectum, or from an abscess (infected area) there

30
Q

colonic polyps

A

polyps (benign growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon

  • > pedunculated polyps: attatched to the membrane by a stalk
  • > sessile polyps: sitting directly on the mucous membrane

treatment:
polypectomy: growths are removed

31
Q

colorectal cancer

A

adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both

cause:
-can arise from polyps in the colon or rectal region

diagnosis:
- detecting blood in the stool
- colonoscopy

treatment:

  • surgical treatment include excision of a major section of colon with rejoining of the cut ends (anastomosis)
  • chemotherapy
  • radiotherapy
32
Q

crohn disease

A

chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract

-Signs and symptoms include diarrhea, severe abdominal pain, fever, anorexia, weakness, and weight loss. Both Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis are forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

33
Q

diverticulosis

A

abnormal outpouchings (diverticula) in the intestinal wall of the colon

Diverticulitis is a complication of diverticulosis. When fecal matter becomes trapped in diverticula, diverticulitis can occur. Pain and rectal bleeding are symptoms.

34
Q

dysentery

A

painful inflammation of the intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection

35
Q

hemorrhoids

A

swollen, twisted varicose veins in the rectal region

36
Q

ileus

A

loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines

Surgery, trauma, or bacterial injury to the peritoneum can lead to a paralytic ileus

37
Q

inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

A

inflammation of the colon and small intestine

  • crohn disease
  • ulcerative colitis
38
Q

intussesception

A

telescoping of the intestines

39
Q

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

A

Group of GI symptoms (abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation) without structural abnormalities in the intestines.

a type of functional gastrointestinal disorder

40
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers

  • This idiopathic, chronic, recurrent diarrheal disease (an inflammatory bowel disease) manifests with rectal bleeding and pain. Often beginning in the colon, the inflammation spreads proximally, involving the entire colon. Drug treatment and careful attention to diet are recommended. Resection of diseased bowel with ileostomy may be necessary.
  • ppl with this have a higher risk for developing colon cancer
41
Q

volvulus

A

Twisting of the intestine on itself

42
Q

IBS is a condition with no structural abnormalities of the intestines, IBD (Crohn’s and ulcerative colitis) involves structural abnormalities.

A

true

43
Q

cholelithiasis

A

gallstones in the gall bladder

44
Q

cirrhosis

A

chronic degenerative disease of the liver

cirrhosis is commonly the result of chronic alcoholism, viral hepatitis, iron overload, or other causes. Lobes of the liver become scarred with fibrous tissue, hepatic cells degenerate, and the liver is infiltrated with fat.

45
Q

hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

A

liver cancer

-HCC is commonly associated with hepatitis B and C virus infections and cirrhosis due to chronic alcohol use.

46
Q

pancreatic cancer

A

malignant tumor of the pancreas

procedure:
-pancreatoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure). Chemotherapy and radiation may also be used.

47
Q

pancreatitis

A

inflammation of the pancreas

-Digestive enzymes attack pancreatic tissue and damage the gland. Other etiologic factors include chronic alcoholism, drug toxicity, gallstone obstruction of the common bile duct, and viral infections.

48
Q

viral hepatitis

A

inflammation of the liver caused by a virus

pg 49

HAN 312 (21 decks)

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